PMID- 26635489
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151204
LR  - 20220311
IS  - 1179-1470 (Print)
IS  - 1179-1470 (Electronic)
IS  - 1179-1470 (Linking)
VI  - 8
DP  - 2015
TI  - Evaluation of the impact of viscosity, injection volume, and injection flow rate 
      on subcutaneous injection tolerance.
PG  - 473-84
LID - 10.2147/MDER.S91019 [doi]
AB  - AIM: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of fluid 
      injection viscosity in combination with different injection volumes and flow 
      rates on subcutaneous (SC) injection pain tolerance. METHODS: The study was a 
      single-center, comparative, randomized, crossover, Phase I study in 24 healthy 
      adults. Each participant received six injections in the abdomen area of either a 
      2 or 3 mL placebo solution, with three different fluid viscosities (1, 8-10, and 
      15-20 cP) combined with two different injection flow rates (0.02 and 0.3 mL/s). 
      All injections were performed with 50 mL syringes and 27G, 6 mm needles. 
      Perceived injection pain was assessed using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 
      mm/no pain, 100 mm/extreme pain). The location and depth of the injected fluid 
      was assessed through 2D ultrasound echography images. RESULTS: Viscosity levels 
      had significant impact on perceived injection pain (P=0.0003). Specifically, less 
      pain was associated with high viscosity (VAS =12.6 mm) than medium (VAS =16.6 mm) 
      or low (VAS =22.1 mm) viscosities, with a significant difference between high and 
      low viscosities (P=0.0002). Target injection volume of 2 or 3 mL was demonstrated 
      to have no significant impact on perceived injection pain (P=0.89). Slow (0.02 
      mL/s) or fast (0.30 mL/s) injection rates also showed no significant impact on 
      perceived pain during SC injection (P=0.79). In 92% of injections, the injected 
      fluid was located exclusively in SC tissue whereas the remaining injected fluids 
      were found located in SC and/or intradermal layers. CONCLUSION: The results of 
      this study suggest that solutions of up to 3 mL and up to 15-20 cP injected into 
      the abdomen within 10 seconds are well tolerated without pain. High viscosity 
      injections were shown to be the most tolerated, whereas injection volume and flow 
      rates did not impact perceived pain.
FAU - Berteau, Cecile
AU  - Berteau C
AD  - Becton-Dickinson Medical Pharmaceutical Systems, Le Pont de Claix, France.
FAU - Filipe-Santos, Orchidee
AU  - Filipe-Santos O
AD  - Becton-Dickinson Medical Pharmaceutical Systems, Le Pont de Claix, France.
FAU - Wang, Tao
AU  - Wang T
AD  - Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
FAU - Rojas, Humberto E
AU  - Rojas HE
AD  - Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
FAU - Granger, Corinne
AU  - Granger C
AD  - Becton-Dickinson Medical Pharmaceutical Systems, Le Pont de Claix, France.
FAU - Schwarzenbach, Florence
AU  - Schwarzenbach F
AD  - Becton-Dickinson Medical Pharmaceutical Systems, Le Pont de Claix, France.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20151111
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - Med Devices (Auckl)
JT  - Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.)
JID - 101566041
PMC - PMC4646585
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - injection speed
OT  - injection viscosity
OT  - injection volume
OT  - pain
OT  - subcutaneous
EDAT- 2015/12/05 06:00
MHDA- 2015/12/05 06:01
PMCR- 2015/11/11
CRDT- 2015/12/05 06:00
PHST- 2015/12/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/12/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/12/05 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2015/11/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - mder-8-473 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/MDER.S91019 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Med Devices (Auckl). 2015 Nov 11;8:473-84. doi: 10.2147/MDER.S91019. eCollection 
      2015.