PMID- 26672061
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170907
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1552-9924 (Electronic)
IS  - 0091-6765 (Print)
IS  - 0091-6765 (Linking)
VI  - 124
IP  - 7
DP  - 2016 Jul
TI  - Recommendations for Evaluating Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants 
      in Breast Milk.
PG  - 881-5
LID - 10.1289/ehp.1510219 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biomonitoring data of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in breast 
      milk are increasingly collected and available for quantitative analysis of levels 
      and time trends. A common approach is to apply log-linear regression to calculate 
      doubling and halving times of the POP concentrations based on the temporal trend 
      observed in breast milk. However, there are different, sometimes conflicting 
      interpretations of these doubling and halving times. OBJECTIVES: We provide a 
      mechanistic understanding of doubling and halving times where possible. Five 
      recommendations are proposed for dealing with POP concentration trends in breast 
      milk during three distinct periods (pre-ban, transition, post-ban period). 
      DISCUSSION: Using temporal trends of BDE-47 and PCB-153 in breast milk data, we 
      show which information can be gained from the time-trend data. To this end, we 
      analyzed time trends of hypothetical POPs for different periods with time-variant 
      exposure and different intrinsic elimination half-lives, using a dynamic 
      population-based pharmacokinetic model. Different pieces of information can be 
      extracted from time-trend data from different periods. The analysis of trends of 
      short-lived POPs is rather straightforward and facilitates extraction of the 
      intrinsic elimination half-lives from the breast milk data. However, trends of 
      slowly eliminated POPs only provide indications for the exposure time trend. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Time-trend data of rapidly eliminated POPs provide information on 
      exposure time trends and elimination half-lives. Temporal trends of slowly 
      eliminated POPs are more complicated to interpret, and the extraction of exposure 
      time trends and elimination half-lives require data sets covering several 
      decades. CITATION: Gyalpo T, Scheringer M, Hungerbuhler K. 2016. Recommendations 
      for evaluating temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in breast milk. 
      Environ Health Perspect 124:881-885; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510219.
FAU - Gyalpo, Tenzing
AU  - Gyalpo T
AD  - Safety and Environmental Technology Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 
      Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland.
FAU - Scheringer, Martin
AU  - Scheringer M
FAU - Hungerbuhler, Konrad
AU  - Hungerbuhler K
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20151215
PL  - United States
TA  - Environ Health Perspect
JT  - Environmental health perspectives
JID - 0330411
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Organic Chemicals)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Environmental Policy
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism
MH  - Environmental Pollution/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Maternal Exposure/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Milk, Human/*metabolism
MH  - Organic Chemicals/*metabolism
PMC - PMC4937868
COIS- The authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial 
      interests.
EDAT- 2015/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2017/09/08 06:00
PMCR- 2016/07/01
CRDT- 2015/12/17 06:00
PHST- 2015/05/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/11/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2015/12/17 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/09/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/07/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ehp.1510219 [pii]
AID - 10.1289/ehp.1510219 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Jul;124(7):881-5. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1510219. Epub 
      2015 Dec 15.