PMID- 26719758
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20151231
LR  - 20220321
IS  - 1746-4358 (Print)
IS  - 1746-4358 (Electronic)
IS  - 1746-4358 (Linking)
VI  - 10
DP  - 2015
TI  - Changes in exclusive breastfeeding practices and its determinants in India, 
      1992-2006: analysis of national survey data.
PG  - 34
LID - 10.1186/s13006-015-0059-0 [doi]
LID - 34
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding up to six months is considered to be 
      beneficial for the health and wellbeing of infants and mothers. To guide policy 
      makers in the development of targeted breastfeeding promotion strategies, changes 
      in the effect of predictor variables on exclusive breastfeeding practices in 
      India were examined. METHODS: Data from two rounds of the National Family Health 
      Survey (NFHS) carried out in India during 1992-93 (NFHS-1), and 2005-06 (NFHS-3) 
      were analysed. A total of 34,176 and 25,459 births under three years of age in 
      NFHS-1 and NFHS-3 respectively comprised the sample. Exclusive breastfeeding was 
      defined as infants zero to five months of age who received only breast milk in 
      previous 24 h. The practice of exclusive breastfeeding was examined at different 
      ages (1, 4 and 6 months) against a set of predictor variables using bivariate and 
      multinomial logistic regression in conjunction with the multiple classification 
      analysis. RESULTS: Overall 46.3 per cent and 48.6 per cent of infants under six 
      months of age were exclusively breastfed in NFHS-1 and NFHS-3 respectively. The 
      proportion declined with each additional month of age, and at four months only 24 
      per cent infants in NFHS-1 and 31 per cent infants in NFHS-3 were exclusively 
      breastfeeding. In the NFHS-1 a higher proportion of infants perceived to be small 
      size at birth and those with mothers in gainful employment were exclusively 
      breastfed. While in infants of mothers living in urban areas, older mothers 
      (aged >/= 35 years), more literate mothers, belonging to a higher standard of 
      living index, preceding birth interval less than two years, and in those who had 
      antenatal/natal care, a lower proportion of exclusive breastfeeding was observed 
      at different ages of the infant. However, in the NFHS-3, children of older 
      mothers and of those who were less educated the proportion of exclusive 
      breastfeeding was significantly greater at one month of age. In the age segment 
      one to four months; exclusive breastfeeding was significantly lower in infants 
      born to older mothers, from medium standard of living households and perceived to 
      be of small size at birth. Infants of mothers who were more educated, 
      aged >/= 35 years, living in urban areas and who had antenatal/natal care were the 
      factors associated with a lower proportion of exclusive breastfeeding at six 
      months of age. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in India 
      continues to be sub-optimal with no appreciable gains in the last ten to fifteen 
      years. Interventions that seek to increase exclusive breastfeeding should be 
      timely with an increased focus on mothers with infants four to six months of age 
      and in those who are most at risk of early discontinuation of exclusive 
      breastfeeding.
FAU - Chandhiok, Nomita
AU  - Chandhiok N
AD  - Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.
FAU - Singh, Kh Jitenkumar
AU  - Singh KhJ
AD  - National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.
FAU - Sahu, Damodar
AU  - Sahu D
AD  - National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.
FAU - Singh, Lucky
AU  - Singh L
AD  - National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.
FAU - Pandey, Arvind
AU  - Pandey A
AD  - National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20151229
PL  - England
TA  - Int Breastfeed J
JT  - International breastfeeding journal
JID - 101251562
PMC - PMC4696149
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Changes
OT  - Determinants
OT  - Exclusive breastfeeding
OT  - India
OT  - Trends
EDAT- 2016/01/01 06:00
MHDA- 2016/01/01 06:01
PMCR- 2015/12/29
CRDT- 2016/01/01 06:00
PHST- 2015/06/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/01/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/01/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/01/01 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2015/12/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 59 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s13006-015-0059-0 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int Breastfeed J. 2015 Dec 29;10:34. doi: 10.1186/s13006-015-0059-0. eCollection 
      2015.