PMID- 26721218 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20161031 LR - 20161230 IS - 1872-7573 (Electronic) IS - 0378-8741 (Linking) VI - 179 DP - 2016 Feb 17 TI - Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in macrophages by suppressing NF-kappaB and AP-1 signaling pathways. PG - 156-61 LID - S0378-8741(15)30295-6 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.044 [doi] AB - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Flower, seed, and fruit of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) have been used in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) serving as a common herb in relief of swelling which can be applied in cases of inflammatory diseases. However, the scientific evidence related to their effects on inflammation especially the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of longan need to be clarified. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the various parts of longan including flower, seed, and pulp. The mechanisms and molecular targets involved in their effects were also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different longan extracts were analyzed for their bioactive compounds and evaluated for anti-inflammation. Corilagin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid were detected using HPLC-DAD. In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of longan extracts and their polysaccharides were examined by analyzing nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Expression of the proteins that involved in NO production was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Flower extract contained the highest amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, corilagin and ellagic acid when compared to seed and pulp extracts. The extracts of different longan parts inhibited LPS-induced NO production with different potency. The highest potency for the inhibition of NO production was shown with flower extract follow by seed and pulp (IC50=128.2, 1127.4, and 1260.2mugmL(-1), respectively). The mechanisms of this anti-NO production were associated with their NO scavenging effect and their decreasing the expression and catalytic activity of an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Moreover, these longan extracts suppressed LPS-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha and activation of NF-kappaB, activator protein-1 (AP-1), Akt, and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the longan extracts possess anti-inflammatory property. Therefore, longan could provide potential dietary supplement for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases. CI - Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Kunworarath, Nongluk AU - Kunworarath N AD - Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. FAU - Rangkadilok, Nuchanart AU - Rangkadilok N AD - Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. FAU - Suriyo, Tawit AU - Suriyo T AD - Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand. FAU - Thiantanawat, Apinya AU - Thiantanawat A AD - Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. FAU - Satayavivad, Jutamaad AU - Satayavivad J AD - Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: jutamaad@cri.or.th. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20151222 PL - Ireland TA - J Ethnopharmacol JT - Journal of ethnopharmacology JID - 7903310 RN - 0 (Lipopolysaccharides) RN - 0 (NF-kappa B) RN - 0 (Plant Extracts) RN - 0 (Polysaccharides) RN - 0 (Transcription Factor AP-1) RN - 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide) RN - EC 1.14.13.39 (Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II) RN - EC 1.14.13.39 (Nos2 protein, mouse) SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Flowers/chemistry MH - Fruit/chemistry MH - Lipopolysaccharides/*antagonists & inhibitors/toxicity MH - Macrophages/drug effects/*metabolism MH - Mice MH - NF-kappa B/drug effects/*metabolism MH - Nitric Oxide/*biosynthesis MH - Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism MH - Plant Extracts/pharmacology MH - Polysaccharides/chemistry/pharmacology MH - RAW 264.7 Cells MH - Sapindaceae/*chemistry MH - Seeds/chemistry MH - Signal Transduction/*drug effects MH - Transcription Factor AP-1/drug effects/*metabolism OTO - NOTNLM OT - AP-1 OT - Anti-inflammatory effect OT - Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) OT - NF-kappaB OT - Nitric oxide OT - RAW264.7 macrophage EDAT- 2016/01/02 06:00 MHDA- 2016/11/01 06:00 CRDT- 2016/01/02 06:00 PHST- 2015/09/04 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/11/27 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2015/12/21 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2016/01/02 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2016/01/02 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2016/11/01 06:00 [medline] AID - S0378-8741(15)30295-6 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.044 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Feb 17;179:156-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.044. Epub 2015 Dec 22.