PMID- 26728085 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20161006 LR - 20181113 IS - 1742-2094 (Electronic) IS - 1742-2094 (Linking) VI - 13 DP - 2016 Jan 5 TI - Interleukin-18 modulation in autism spectrum disorders. PG - 2 LID - 10.1186/s12974-015-0466-6 [doi] LID - 2 AB - BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease which affects 1 in 88 children. Its etiology remains basically unknown, but it is apparent that neuroinflammation is involved in disease development. Great attention has been focused on pro-inflammatory cytokines, and several studies have reported their dysfunction unbalance in serum as well as in the brain. The present work aimed at evaluating putative dysregulation of interleukin-18 (IL-18), a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family in the sera of patients with ASD of different grades, compared to healthy controls, as well as in postmortem brain samples obtained from patients with tuberous sclerosis as well as acute inflammatory diseases. Moreover, quantitative analysis of IL-18 was performed in the sera and brain obtained from Reeler mice, an experimental model of autism. METHODS: Serum IL-18 levels were measured by ELISA. IL-18 was localized by immunohistochemical analysis in brain sections obtained from tuberous sclerosis and encephalitis patients, as well as from gender- and age-matched controls, and in the brain sections of both Reeler and wild-type mice. IL-18 was also quantified by Western blots in homogenates of Reeler and wild-type mice brains. IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was evaluated in Reeler and wild-type mice plasma as well as in their brains (sections and homogenates). RESULTS: IL-18 content decreased in the sera of patients with autism compared to healthy subjects and in Reeler sera compared to wild-type controls. IL-18 was detected within glial cells and neurons in the brain of subjects affected by tuberous sclerosis and encephalitis whereas in healthy subjects, only a weak IL-18 positivity was detected at the level of glial cells. Western blot identified higher amounts of IL-18 in Reeler brain homogenates compared to wild-type littermates. IL-18BP was expressed in higher amounts in Reeler brain compared to the brain of wild-type mice, whereas no significant difference was detected comparing IL-18BP plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS: IL-18 is dysregulated in ASD patients. Further studies seemed necessary to clarify the molecular details behind IL-18 increase in the brain and IL-18 decrease in the sera of patients. An increase in the size of the patient cohort seems necessary to ascertain whether decreased IL-18 content in the sera can become a predictive biomarker of ASD and whether its measure, in combination with other markers (e.g., increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)), may be included in a diagnostic panel. FAU - Businaro, Rita AU - Businaro R AD - Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy. rita.businaro@uniroma1.it. FAU - Corsi, Mariangela AU - Corsi M AD - Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy. mariangela.corsi@uniroma1.it. FAU - Azzara, Gabriella AU - Azzara G AD - Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy. gabriella.azzara@uniroma1.it. FAU - Di Raimo, Tania AU - Di Raimo T AD - Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100, Latina, Italy. tania.diraimo@uniroma1.it. FAU - Laviola, Giovanni AU - Laviola G AD - Section of Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Section Behavioural Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy. gianni.laviola@iss.it. FAU - Romano, Emilia AU - Romano E AD - Section of Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Section Behavioural Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy. emilia.romano@iss.it. FAU - Ricci, Lidia AU - Ricci L AD - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. lidiaricci@hotmail.it. FAU - Maccarrone, Mauro AU - Maccarrone M AD - European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143, Rome, Italy. m.maccarrone@unicampus.it. AD - School of Medicine and Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy. m.maccarrone@unicampus.it. FAU - Aronica, Eleonora AU - Aronica E AD - Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e.aronica@amc.uva.nl. FAU - Fuso, Andrea AU - Fuso A AD - European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64-65, 00143, Rome, Italy. andrea.fuso@uniroma1.it. AD - Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. andrea.fuso@uniroma1.it. FAU - Ricci, Serafino AU - Ricci S AD - Department of Anatomical, Histological, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. serafino.ricci@uniroma1.it. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20160105 PL - England TA - J Neuroinflammation JT - Journal of neuroinflammation JID - 101222974 RN - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) RN - 0 (Cytokines) RN - 0 (Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins) RN - 0 (Interleukin-18) RN - 0 (interleukin-18 binding protein) SB - IM MH - Adolescent MH - Animals MH - Autism Spectrum Disorder/*pathology MH - Brain/*metabolism MH - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism MH - Child MH - Child, Preschool MH - Cytokines/metabolism MH - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MH - Female MH - Gene Expression Regulation/genetics MH - Humans MH - Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism MH - Interleukin-18/*metabolism MH - Male MH - Mice MH - Mice, Neurologic Mutants MH - Mice, Transgenic MH - Surveys and Questionnaires MH - Young Adult PMC - PMC4700739 EDAT- 2016/01/06 06:00 MHDA- 2016/10/08 06:00 PMCR- 2016/01/05 CRDT- 2016/01/06 06:00 PHST- 2015/05/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2015/12/23 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2016/01/06 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2016/01/06 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2016/10/08 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2016/01/05 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1186/s12974-015-0466-6 [pii] AID - 466 [pii] AID - 10.1186/s12974-015-0466-6 [doi] PST - epublish SO - J Neuroinflammation. 2016 Jan 5;13:2. doi: 10.1186/s12974-015-0466-6.