PMID- 26731731
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160719
LR  - 20231111
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 1
DP  - 2016
TI  - "Candidatus Fokinia solitaria", a Novel "Stand-Alone" Symbiotic Lineage of 
      Midichloriaceae (Rickettsiales).
PG  - e0145743
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0145743 [doi]
LID - e0145743
AB  - Recently, the family Midichloriaceae has been described within the bacterial 
      order Rickettsiales. It includes a variety of bacterial endosymbionts detected in 
      different metazoan host species belonging to Placozoa, Cnidaria, Arthropoda and 
      Vertebrata. Representatives of Midichloriaceae are also considered possible 
      etiological agents of certain animal diseases. Midichloriaceae have been found 
      also in protists like ciliates and amoebae. The present work describes a new 
      bacterial endosymbiont, "Candidatus Fokinia solitaria", retrieved from three 
      different strains of a novel Paramecium species isolated from a wastewater 
      treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Symbionts were characterized through 
      the full-cycle rRNA approach: SSU rRNA gene sequencing and fluorescence in situ 
      hybridization (FISH) with three species-specific oligonucleotide probes. In 
      electron micrographs, the tiny rod-shaped endosymbionts (1.2 x 0.25-0.35 mum in 
      size) were not surrounded by a symbiontophorous vacuole and were located in the 
      peripheral host cytoplasm, stratified in the host cortex in between the 
      trichocysts or just below them. Frequently, they occurred inside autolysosomes. 
      Phylogenetic analyses of Midichloriaceae apparently show different evolutionary 
      pathways within the family. Some genera, such as "Ca. Midichloria" and "Ca. 
      Lariskella", have been retrieved frequently and independently in different hosts 
      and environmental surveys. On the contrary, others, such as Lyticum, "Ca. 
      Anadelfobacter", "Ca. Defluviella" and the presently described "Ca. Fokinia 
      solitaria", have been found only occasionally and associated to specific host 
      species. These last are the only representatives in their own branches thus far. 
      Present data do not allow to infer whether these genera, which we named 
      "stand-alone lineages", are an indication of poorly sampled organisms, thus 
      underrepresented in GenBank, or represent fast evolving, highly adapted 
      evolutionary lineages.
FAU - Szokoli, Franziska
AU  - Szokoli F
AD  - Institut fur Hydrobiologie, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
AD  - Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Sabaneyeva, Elena
AU  - Sabaneyeva E
AD  - Department of Cytology and Histology, St. Petersburg State University, St. 
      Petersburg, Russia.
FAU - Castelli, Michele
AU  - Castelli M
AD  - Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Krenek, Sascha
AU  - Krenek S
AD  - Institut fur Hydrobiologie, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Schrallhammer, Martina
AU  - Schrallhammer M
AD  - Mikrobiologie, Biologisches Institut II, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, 
      Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Soares, Carlos A G
AU  - Soares CA
AD  - Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 
      Brazil.
FAU - da Silva-Neto, Inacio D
AU  - da Silva-Neto ID
AD  - Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 
      Brazil.
FAU - Berendonk, Thomas U
AU  - Berendonk TU
AD  - Institut fur Hydrobiologie, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
FAU - Petroni, Giulio
AU  - Petroni G
AD  - Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
LA  - eng
SI  - GENBANK/KM497527
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20160105
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (RNA, Bacterial)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Alphaproteobacteria/classification/genetics/*physiology
MH  - Evolution, Molecular
MH  - Host-Pathogen Interactions
MH  - In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
MH  - Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
MH  - Molecular Sequence Data
MH  - Paramecium/classification/*microbiology
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics
MH  - RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
MH  - Sequence Analysis, DNA
MH  - Species Specificity
MH  - *Symbiosis
MH  - Wastewater/*parasitology
PMC - PMC4701390
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2016/01/06 06:00
MHDA- 2016/07/20 06:00
PMCR- 2016/01/05
CRDT- 2016/01/06 06:00
PHST- 2015/09/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/12/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/01/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/01/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/07/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/01/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-15-35123 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0145743 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2016 Jan 5;11(1):e0145743. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145743. 
      eCollection 2016.