PMID- 26813306
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20161213
LR  - 20190918
IS  - 1873-4316 (Electronic)
IS  - 1389-2010 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 7
DP  - 2016
TI  - Incretins, Pregnancy, and Gestational Diabetes.
PG  - 597-602
AB  - The number of pregnant women affected by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is 
      increasing among Caucasians, and East Asians. GDM also increases the risk for 
      later advent of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and cardiovascular 
      disease in both women and their offspring. The underlying mechanism of GDM is not 
      fully elucidated. Incretins such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and 
      glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), have been suggested to have a 
      role in maternal metabolism and weight as well as fetal growth. These hormones 
      might be implicated in mechanisms that compensate for the increment in glycemia 
      and insulin resistance seen during pregnancy, while other factors, such as 
      heredity, environment and lifestyle, but also different race/ethnic background 
      might also lead to the comorbid health problems. Some studies indicate that 
      pregnancy is associated with a diminished GLP-1 response which is more 
      prominently evident in women with GDM and normalizes after delivery. Postprandial 
      GIP level seems to be unaffected by pregnancy, despite its increased level in 
      GDM. On the other hand, the reduced incretin effect observed in GDM may represent 
      a risk factor for obesity, T2DM and metabolic disorders even in the offspring of 
      these women. Further investigations are needed to establish the exact role of 
      incretins in pregnancy and gestational glucose intolerance.
FAU - Nikolic, Dragana
AU  - Nikolic D
FAU - Al-Rasadi, Khalid
AU  - Al-Rasadi K
FAU - Al Busaidi, Noor
AU  - Al Busaidi N
FAU - Al-Waili, Khalid
AU  - Al-Waili K
FAU - Banerjee, Yajnavalka
AU  - Banerjee Y
FAU - Al-Hashmi, Khamis
AU  - Al-Hashmi K
FAU - Montalto, Giuseppe
AU  - Montalto G
FAU - Rizvi, Ali A
AU  - Rizvi AA
FAU - Rizzo, Manfredi
AU  - Rizzo M
AD  - Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of 
      Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. manfredi.rizzo@unipa.it.
FAU - Al-Dughaishi, Tamima
AU  - Al-Dughaishi T
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Curr Pharm Biotechnol
JT  - Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
JID - 100960530
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Incretins)
RN  - 59392-49-3 (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide)
RN  - 89750-14-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Blood Glucose/metabolism
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
MH  - Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis/*metabolism
MH  - Female
MH  - Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/metabolism
MH  - Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism
MH  - Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Incretins/*metabolism
MH  - Insulin Resistance/physiology
MH  - Obesity/diagnosis/metabolism
MH  - Pregnancy/*metabolism
MH  - Risk Factors
EDAT- 2016/01/28 06:00
MHDA- 2016/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2016/01/28 06:00
PHST- 2015/10/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/01/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/01/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/01/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - CPB-EPUB-73272 [pii]
AID - 10.2174/1389201017666160127110125 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2016;17(7):597-602. doi: 
      10.2174/1389201017666160127110125.