PMID- 26888521
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170516
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1942-7611 (Electronic)
IS  - 1942-7603 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 1
DP  - 2017 Jan
TI  - Screening for illicit drugs in pooled human urine and urinated soil samples and 
      studies on the stability of urinary excretion products of cocaine, MDMA, and MDEA 
      in wastewater by hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques.
PG  - 106-114
LID - 10.1002/dta.1957 [doi]
AB  - Monitoring population drug use through wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a 
      useful method to quantitatively follow trends and estimate total drug consumption 
      in communities. Concentrations of drug biomarkers might be low in wastewater due 
      to dilution; and therefore analysis of pooled urine (PU) is useful to detect 
      consumed drugs and identify targets of illicit drugs use. The aims of the study 
      were (1) to screen PU and urinated soil (US) samples collected at festivals for 
      illicit drug excretion products using hyphenated techniques; (2) to develop and 
      validate a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry / 
      mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) method of quantifying urinary targets of 
      identified drugs in wastewater; and (3) to conduct a 24 h stability study, using 
      PU and US to better reflect the chemical environment for targets in wastewater. 
      Cocaine (COC) and ecstasy-like compounds were the most frequently detected 
      illicit drugs; an analytical method was developed to quantify their excretion 
      products. Hydroxymethoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), HMMA sulfate (HMMA-S), 
      benzoylecgonine (BE), and cocaethylene (CE) had 85-102% of initial concentration 
      after 8 h of incubation, whereas COC and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) had 74 and 
      67% after 8 h, respectively. HMMA showed a net increase during 24 h of incubation 
      (107% +/- 27, n = 8), possibly due to the cleavage of HMMA conjugates, and 
      biotransformation of MDMA. The results suggest HMMA as analytical target for MDMA 
      consumption in WBE, due to its stability in wastewater and its excretion as the 
      main phase I metabolite of MDMA. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FAU - Mardal, Marie
AU  - Mardal M
AD  - Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and 
      Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
FAU - Kinyua, Juliet
AU  - Kinyua J
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Ramin, Pedram
AU  - Ramin P
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens 
      Lyngby, Denmark.
FAU - Miserez, Bram
AU  - Miserez B
AD  - TICTAC Communications Ltd, St George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, 
      UK.
FAU - Van Nuijs, Alexander L N
AU  - Van Nuijs AL
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Meyer, Markus R
AU  - Meyer MR
AD  - Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and 
      Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University 
      Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Validation Study
DEP - 20160217
PL  - England
TA  - Drug Test Anal
JT  - Drug testing and analysis
JID - 101483449
RN  - 0 (Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Soil)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 4764-17-4 (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
RN  - ML1I4KK67B (3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/urine
MH  - Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/analysis/urine
MH  - Cocaine/analysis/*urine
MH  - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/analysis/urine
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis/urine
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/analysis/*urine
MH  - Limit of Detection
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/analysis/*urine
MH  - Soil/chemistry
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - illicit drugs
OT  - phase II metabolites
OT  - pooled urine analysis
OT  - stability
OT  - wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2016/02/19 06:00
MHDA- 2017/05/17 06:00
CRDT- 2016/02/19 06:00
PHST- 2015/12/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/01/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/01/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/02/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/05/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/02/19 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/dta.1957 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Test Anal. 2017 Jan;9(1):106-114. doi: 10.1002/dta.1957. Epub 2016 Feb 17.