PMID- 26889090
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160218
LR  - 20200930
IS  - 1178-6965 (Print)
IS  - 1178-6965 (Electronic)
IS  - 1178-6965 (Linking)
VI  - 9
DP  - 2016
TI  - Wheat allergy: diagnosis and management.
PG  - 13-25
LID - 10.2147/JAA.S81550 [doi]
AB  - Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) is the most widely grown crop worldwide. In 
      genetically predisposed individuals, wheat can cause specific immune responses. A 
      food allergy to wheat is characterized by T helper type 2 activation which can 
      result in immunoglobulin E (IgE) and non-IgE mediated reactions. IgE mediated 
      reactions are immediate, are characterized by the presence of wheat-specific IgE 
      antibodies, and can be life-threatening. Non-IgE mediated reactions are 
      characterized by chronic eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration of the 
      gastrointestinal tract. IgE mediated responses to wheat can be related to wheat 
      ingestion (food allergy) or wheat inhalation (respiratory allergy). A food 
      allergy to wheat is more common in children and can be associated with a severe 
      reaction such as anaphylaxis and wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. 
      An inhalation induced IgE mediated wheat allergy can cause baker's asthma or 
      rhinitis, which are common occupational diseases in workers who have significant 
      repetitive exposure to wheat flour, such as bakers. Non-IgE mediated food allergy 
      reactions to wheat are mainly eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) or eosinophilic 
      gastritis (EG), which are both characterized by chronic eosinophilic 
      inflammation. EG is a systemic disease, and is associated with severe 
      inflammation that requires oral steroids to resolve. EoE is a less severe 
      disease, which can lead to complications in feeding intolerance and fibrosis. In 
      both EoE and EG, wheat allergy diagnosis is based on both an elimination diet 
      preceded by a tissue biopsy obtained by esophagogastroduodenoscopy in order to 
      show the effectiveness of the diet. Diagnosis of IgE mediated wheat allergy is 
      based on the medical history, the detection of specific IgE to wheat, and oral 
      food challenges. Currently, the main treatment of a wheat allergy is based on 
      avoidance of wheat altogether. However, in the near future immunotherapy may 
      represent a valid way to treat IgE mediated reactions to wheat.
FAU - Cianferoni, Antonella
AU  - Cianferoni A
AD  - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's 
      Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160129
PL  - New Zealand
TA  - J Asthma Allergy
JT  - Journal of asthma and allergy
JID - 101543450
PMC - PMC4743586
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - IgE mediated food allergy
OT  - baker's asthma
OT  - eosinophilic esophagitis
OT  - eosinophilic gastritis
OT  - non-IgE mediated food allergy
OT  - wheat allergy
OT  - wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis
EDAT- 2016/02/19 06:00
MHDA- 2016/02/19 06:01
PMCR- 2016/01/29
CRDT- 2016/02/19 06:00
PHST- 2016/02/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/02/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/02/19 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/01/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - jaa-9-013 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/JAA.S81550 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Asthma Allergy. 2016 Jan 29;9:13-25. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S81550. eCollection 2016.