PMID- 26937633
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20190813
LR  - 20231104
IS  - 1551-8507 (Electronic)
IS  - 1551-8507 (Linking)
VI  - 2018
DP  - 2018 Dec 11
TI  - Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins: insights from 
      studies in C. elegans.
PG  - 1-52
LID - 10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2 [doi]
AB  - Neurotransmitters signal via G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate 
      activity of neurons and muscles. C. elegans has  approximately 150 G protein coupled 
      neuropeptide receptor homologs and 28 additional GPCRs for small-molecule 
      neurotransmitters. Genetic studies in C. elegans demonstrate that 
      neurotransmitters diffuse far from their release sites to activate GPCRs on 
      distant cells. Individual receptor types are expressed on limited numbers of 
      cells and thus can provide very specific regulation of an individual neural 
      circuit and behavior. G protein coupled neurotransmitter receptors signal 
      principally via the three types of heterotrimeric G proteins defined by the G 
      alpha subunits Galphao, Galphaq, and Galphas. Each of these G alpha proteins is found in all 
      neurons plus some muscles. Galphao and Galphaq signaling inhibit and activate 
      neurotransmitter release, respectively. Galphas signaling, like Galphaq signaling, 
      promotes neurotransmitter release. Many details of the signaling mechanisms 
      downstream of Galphaq and Galphas have been delineated and are consistent with those of 
      their mammalian orthologs. The details of the signaling mechanism downstream of 
      Galphao remain a mystery. Forward genetic screens in C. elegans have identified new 
      molecular components of neural G protein signaling mechanisms, including 
      Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS proteins) that inhibit signaling, a new 
      Galphaq effector (the Trio RhoGEF domain), and the RIC-8 protein that is required for 
      neuronal Galpha signaling. A model is presented in which G proteins sum up the 
      variety of neuromodulator signals that impinge on a neuron to calculate its 
      appropriate output level.
FAU - Koelle, Michael R
AU  - Koelle MR
AD  - Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven CT 
      06520 USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 NS036918/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 NS086932/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20181211
PL  - United States
TA  - WormBook
JT  - WormBook : the online review of C. elegans biology
JID - 101303985
RN  - 0 (Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Neurotransmitter Agents)
RN  - EC 3.6.5.1 (Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins)
MH  - Animals
MH  - Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism
MH  - *Signal Transduction
PMC - PMC5010795
MID - NIHMS782286
EDAT- 2016/03/05 06:00
MHDA- 2019/08/14 06:00
PMCR- 2016/09/03
CRDT- 2016/03/04 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2019/08/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/03/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/09/03 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - WormBook. 2018 Dec 11;2018:1-52. doi: 10.1895/wormbook.1.75.2.