PMID- 26950696
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160801
LR  - 20190219
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 3
DP  - 2016
TI  - Effects of Water Provision and Hydration on Cognitive Function among 
      Primary-School Pupils in Zambia: A Randomized Trial.
PG  - e0150071
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0150071 [doi]
LID - e0150071
AB  - There is a well-established link between hydration and improved cognitive 
      performance among adults, with evidence of similar findings among children. No 
      trials have investigated the impact of water provision on cognitive performance 
      among schoolchildren in hot and arid low-resource settings. We conducted a 
      randomized-controlled trial in five schools with limited water access in Chipata 
      district in Eastern province, Zambia, to assess the efficacy of water provision 
      on cognition. Pupils in grades 3-6 were randomly assigned to either receive a 
      bottle of drinking water that they could refill throughout the day (water group, 
      n = 149) or only have access to drinking water that was normally available at the 
      school (control group, n = 143). Hydration was assessed in the morning before 
      provision of water and in the afternoon through urine specific gravity (Usg) 
      measured with a portable refractometer. In the afternoon we administered six 
      cognitive tests to assess short-term memory, concentration, visual attention, and 
      visual motor skills. Morning prevalence of dehydration, defined as Usg>/=1.020, was 
      42%. Afternoon dehydration increased to 67% among the control arm and dropped to 
      10% among the intervention arm. We did not find that provision of water or 
      hydration impacted cognitive test scores, although there were suggestive 
      relationships between both water provision and hydration and increased scores on 
      tests measuring visual attention. We identified key improvements to the study 
      design that are warranted to further investigate this relationship. TRIAL 
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01924546.
FAU - Trinies, Victoria
AU  - Trinies V
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Environmental Health, Emory 
      University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
FAU - Chard, Anna N
AU  - Chard AN
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Environmental Health, Emory 
      University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
FAU - Mateo, Tommy
AU  - Mateo T
AD  - FHI 360, Schools Promoting Learning Achievement through Sanitation and Hygiene 
      (SPLASH), Lusaka, Zambia.
FAU - Freeman, Matthew C
AU  - Freeman MC
AD  - Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Environmental Health, Emory 
      University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
LA  - eng
SI  - ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01924546
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20160307
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Child
MH  - Cognition/*drug effects
MH  - Dehydration/physiopathology/urine
MH  - *Drinking
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Kidney Function Tests
MH  - Male
MH  - *Students
MH  - Urinalysis
MH  - Water/*pharmacology
MH  - Zambia
PMC - PMC4780815
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2016/03/08 06:00
MHDA- 2016/08/02 06:00
PMCR- 2016/03/07
CRDT- 2016/03/08 06:00
PHST- 2015/10/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/02/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/03/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/03/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/08/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/03/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-15-44022 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0150071 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):e0150071. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150071. 
      eCollection 2016.