PMID- 26950803
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20171108
LR  - 20171108
IS  - 1545-9632 (Electronic)
IS  - 1545-9624 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 7
DP  - 2016 Jul
TI  - Characterization of particle exposure in ferrochromium and stainless steel 
      production.
PG  - 558-68
LID - 10.1080/15459624.2016.1159687 [doi]
AB  - This study describes workers' exposure to fine and ultrafine particles in the 
      production chain of ferrochromium and stainless steel during sintering, 
      ferrochromium smelting, stainless steel melting, and hot and cold rolling 
      operations. Workers' personal exposure to inhalable dust was assessed using IOM 
      sampler with a cellulose acetate filter (AAWP, diameter 25 mm; Millipore, 
      Bedford, MA). Filter sampling methods were used to measure particle mass 
      concentrations in fixed locations. Particle number concentrations and size 
      distributions were examined using an SMPS+C sequential mobile particle sizer and 
      counter (series 5.400, Grimm Aerosol Technik, Ainring, Germany), and a hand-held 
      condensation particle counter (CPC, model 3007, TSI Incorporated, MN). The 
      structure and elemental composition of particles were analyzed using TEM-EDXA 
      (TEM: JEM-1220, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan; EDXA: Noran System Six, Thermo Fisher 
      Scientific Inc., Madison,WI). Workers' personal exposure to inhalable dust 
      averaged 1.87, 1.40, 2.34, 0.30, and 0.17 mg m(-3) in sintering plant, 
      ferrochromium smelter, stainless steel melting shop, hot rolling mill, and the 
      cold rolling mill, respectively. Particle number concentrations measured using 
      SMPS+C varied from 58 x 10(3) to 662 x 10(3) cm(-3) in the production areas, 
      whereas concentrations measured using SMPS+C and CPC3007 in control rooms ranged 
      from 24 x 10(3) to 243 x 10(3) cm(-3) and 5.1 x 10(3) to 97 x 10(3) cm(-3), 
      respectively. The elemental composition and the structure of particles in 
      different production phases varied. In the cold-rolling mill non-process 
      particles were abundant. In other sites, chromium and iron originating from ore 
      and recycled steel scrap were the most common elements in the particles studied. 
      Particle mass concentrations were at the same level as that reported earlier. 
      However, particle number measurements showed a high amount of ultrafine 
      particles, especially in sintering, alloy smelting and melting, and tapping 
      operations. Particle number concentration and size distribution measurements 
      provide important information regarding exposure to ultrafine particles, which 
      cannot be seen in particle mass measurements.
FAU - Jarvela, Merja
AU  - Jarvela M
AD  - a Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki 
      , Finland.
FAU - Huvinen, Markku
AU  - Huvinen M
AD  - b Outokumpu Oyj , Espoo , Finland.
FAU - Viitanen, Anna-Kaisa
AU  - Viitanen AK
AD  - c Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere 
      , Finland.
FAU - Kanerva, Tomi
AU  - Kanerva T
AD  - c Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere 
      , Finland.
FAU - Vanhala, Esa
AU  - Vanhala E
AD  - a Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki 
      , Finland.
FAU - Uitti, Jukka
AU  - Uitti J
AD  - d Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere , 
      Finland.
FAU - Koivisto, Antti J
AU  - Koivisto AJ
AD  - c Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Tampere 
      , Finland.
FAU - Junttila, Sakari
AU  - Junttila S
AD  - e Outokumpu Stainless Oy , Tornio , Finland.
FAU - Luukkonen, Ritva
AU  - Luukkonen R
AD  - f Statistical Services, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , 
      Finland.
FAU - Tuomi, Timo
AU  - Tuomi T
AD  - a Aerosols, Dusts and Metals, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki 
      , Finland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - J Occup Environ Hyg
JT  - Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene
JID - 101189458
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational)
RN  - 0 (Chromium Alloys)
RN  - 0 (Dust)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0R0008Q3JB (Chromium)
RN  - 11114-46-8 (ferrochromium)
RN  - 12597-68-1 (Stainless Steel)
RN  - E1UOL152H7 (Iron)
SB  - IM
MH  - Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis
MH  - Chromium/analysis
MH  - *Chromium Alloys
MH  - Dust/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Finland
MH  - Humans
MH  - Inhalation Exposure/analysis
MH  - Iron/analysis
MH  - *Metallurgy
MH  - Occupational Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Particulate Matter/*analysis
MH  - *Stainless Steel
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ferrochromium
OT  - metal industry
OT  - occupational hygiene
OT  - particles
OT  - stainless steel
OT  - ultrafine particles
EDAT- 2016/03/08 06:00
MHDA- 2017/11/09 06:00
CRDT- 2016/03/08 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/03/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/11/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1080/15459624.2016.1159687 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Occup Environ Hyg. 2016 Jul;13(7):558-68. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1159687.