PMID- 27014517
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160325
LR  - 20220331
IS  - 2167-8359 (Print)
IS  - 2167-8359 (Electronic)
IS  - 2167-8359 (Linking)
VI  - 4
DP  - 2016
TI  - Distribution and regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, kisspeptin, 
      RF-amide related peptide-3, and dynorphin in the bovine hypothalamus.
PG  - e1833
LID - 10.7717/peerj.1833 [doi]
LID - e1833
AB  - Recent work has led to the hypothesis that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin 
      (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in 
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation and gonadal steroid 
      feedback, with kisspeptin driving GnRH release and neurokinin B and dynorphin 
      acting as pulse start and stop signals, respectively. A separate cell group, 
      expressing RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) has been shown to be a primary 
      inhibitor of GnRH release. Very little is known regarding these cell groups in 
      the bovine. In this study, we examined the relative immunoreactivity of 
      kisspeptin, dynorphin, and RFRP-3 and their possible connectivity to GnRH neurons 
      in the hypothalami of periestrus and diestrus bovine. While GnRH and RFRP-3 
      immunoreactivity were unchanged, kisspeptin and dynorphin immunoreactivity levels 
      varied in relation to plasma progesterone concentrations and estrous status. 
      Animals with higher plasma progesterone concentrations in diestrus had lower 
      kisspeptin and increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in the ARC. The percentage of 
      GnRH cells with kisspeptin or RFRP-3 fibers in close apposition did not differ 
      between estrous stages. However, the proportions of GnRH cells with kisspeptin or 
      RFRP-3 contacts ( approximately 49.8% and  approximately 31.3%, respectively) suggest direct communication 
      between kisspeptin and RFRP-3 cells to GnRH cells in the bovine. The data 
      produced in this work support roles for kisspeptin and dynorphin, within the KNDy 
      neural network, in controlling GnRH release over the ovarian cycle and conveying 
      progesterone-negative feedback onto GnRH neurons in the bovine.
FAU - Tanco, Valeria M
AU  - Tanco VM
AD  - Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of 
      Tennessee-Knoxville , Knoxville, TN , United States.
FAU - Whitlock, Brian K
AU  - Whitlock BK
AD  - Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of 
      Tennessee-Knoxville , Knoxville, TN , United States.
FAU - Jones, Melaney A
AU  - Jones MA
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary 
      Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , United States.
FAU - Wilborn, Robyn R
AU  - Wilborn RR
AD  - Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn 
      University , Auburn, AL , United States.
FAU - Brandebourg, Terry D
AU  - Brandebourg TD
AD  - Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University , 
      Auburn, AL , United States.
FAU - Foradori, Chad D
AU  - Foradori CD
AD  - Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary 
      Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160321
PL  - United States
TA  - PeerJ
JT  - PeerJ
JID - 101603425
PMC - PMC4806599
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cattle
OT  - Endogenous opioid
OT  - GnIH
OT  - Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone
COIS- The authors declare there are no competing interests.
EDAT- 2016/03/26 06:00
MHDA- 2016/03/26 06:01
PMCR- 2016/03/21
CRDT- 2016/03/26 06:00
PHST- 2016/01/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/03/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/03/26 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/03/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/03/26 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/03/21 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1833 [pii]
AID - 10.7717/peerj.1833 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PeerJ. 2016 Mar 21;4:e1833. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1833. eCollection 2016.