PMID- 27044552
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20171002
LR  - 20201209
IS  - 1098-6596 (Electronic)
IS  - 0066-4804 (Print)
IS  - 0066-4804 (Linking)
VI  - 60
IP  - 6
DP  - 2016 Jun
TI  - Enzymes Enhance Biofilm Removal Efficiency of Cleaners.
PG  - 3647-52
LID - 10.1128/AAC.00400-16 [doi]
AB  - Efficient removal of biofilms from medical devices is a big challenge in health 
      care to avoid hospital-acquired infections, especially from delicate devices like 
      flexible endoscopes, which cannot be reprocessed using harsh chemicals or high 
      temperatures. Therefore, milder solutions such as enzymatic cleaners have to be 
      used, which need to be carefully developed to ensure efficacious performance. In 
      vitro biofilm in a 96-well-plate system was used to select and optimize the 
      formulation of novel enzymatic cleaners. Removal of the biofilm was quantified by 
      crystal violet staining, while the disinfecting properties were evaluated by a 
      BacTiter-Glo assay. The biofilm removal efficacy of the selected cleaner was 
      further tested by using European standard (EN) for endoscope cleaning EN ISO 
      15883, and removal of artificial blood soil was investigated by treating TOSI 
      (Test Object Surgical Instrument) cleaning indicators. Using the process 
      described here, a novel enzymatic endoscope cleaner was developed, which removed 
      95% of Staphylococcus aureus and 90% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the 
      96-well plate system. With a >99% reduction of CFU and a >90% reduction of 
      extracellular polymeric substances, this cleaner enabled subsequent complete 
      disinfection and fulfilled acceptance criteria of EN ISO 15883. Furthermore, it 
      efficiently removed blood soil and significantly outperformed comparable 
      commercial products. The cleaning performance was stable even after storage of 
      the cleaner for 6 months. It was demonstrated that incorporation of appropriate 
      enzymes into the cleaner enhanced performance significantly.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Stiefel et al.
FAU - Stiefel, Philipp
AU  - Stiefel P
AD  - Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials 
      Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
FAU - Mauerhofer, Stefan
AU  - Mauerhofer S
AD  - Borer Chemie AG, Zuchwil, Switzerland.
FAU - Schneider, Jana
AU  - Schneider J
AD  - Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials 
      Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
FAU - Maniura-Weber, Katharina
AU  - Maniura-Weber K
AD  - Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials 
      Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
FAU - Rosenberg, Urs
AU  - Rosenberg U
AD  - Borer Chemie AG, Zuchwil, Switzerland.
FAU - Ren, Qun
AU  - Ren Q
AD  - Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials 
      Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland qun.ren@empa.ch.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160523
PL  - United States
TA  - Antimicrob Agents Chemother
JT  - Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
JID - 0315061
RN  - 0 (Detergents)
RN  - 0 (Disinfectants)
RN  - 0 (Polysaccharides)
RN  - EC 3.1.- (Deoxyribonucleases)
RN  - EC 3.1.1.3 (Lipase)
RN  - EC 3.4.- (Peptide Hydrolases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Biofilms/*drug effects/growth & development
MH  - Colony Count, Microbial
MH  - Cross Infection/prevention & control
MH  - Deoxyribonucleases/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Detergents/chemistry/pharmacology
MH  - Disinfectants/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Disinfection
MH  - Endoscopes/microbiology
MH  - Equipment Contamination
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lipase/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Peptide Hydrolases/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Polysaccharides/chemistry/pharmacology
MH  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*drug effects/physiology
MH  - Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/physiology
PMC - PMC4879406
EDAT- 2016/04/06 06:00
MHDA- 2017/10/03 06:00
PMCR- 2016/05/23
CRDT- 2016/04/06 06:00
PHST- 2016/02/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/03/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/04/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/04/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/10/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/05/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - AAC.00400-16 [pii]
AID - 00400-16 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/AAC.00400-16 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 May 23;60(6):3647-52. doi: 
      10.1128/AAC.00400-16. Print 2016 Jun.