PMID- 27124204
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20171016
LR  - 20180213
IS  - 1744-8336 (Electronic)
IS  - 1478-7210 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 6
DP  - 2016 Jun
TI  - HACEK endocarditis: a review.
PG  - 539-45
LID - 10.1080/14787210.2016.1184085 [doi]
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The HACEK group, referring to Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter 
      actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella 
      kingae, is a rare cause of infective endocarditis (IE). It causes the majority of 
      Gram-negative endocarditis cases and has an excellent prognosis and simple 
      management if properly identified. However, delay in diagnosis and associated 
      complications can render the infection fatal. AREAS COVERED: Over the past few 
      decades, there have been tremendous advancements in understanding the 
      manifestations and progression of HACEK endocarditis (HE). This review tackles 
      the epidemiology of HE, the microbiological characteristics of each organism in 
      the HACEK group, the methods used to diagnose HE, the clinical manifestations, 
      complications, and mortality of patients with HE, as well as the recommended 
      treatment and preventive methods. Expert Commentary: The lack of robust 
      randomized controlled trials in diagnosis and treatment of HE makes it difficult 
      to determine the optimal management of such infections. Nevertheless, 
      advancements in culturing methods have shown progress in isolating and 
      identifying these fastidious organisms. Positive blood cultures for any of the 
      HACEK organisms in the setting of no definite focus of infection is highly 
      suggestive of HE. In such cases, treatment with ceftriaxone or a fluoroquinolone, 
      even without obtaining antibiotic susceptibilities, should be initiated. 
      Moreover, the decision to proceed with surgical intervention should be 
      individualized. As is the case for other IE, HE requires the collaboration of a 
      multidisciplinary team consisting of the infectious disease specialist, 
      cardiologist, cardiothoracic surgeon, and the microbiologist.
FAU - Sharara, Sima L
AU  - Sharara SL
AD  - a School of Medicine, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.
FAU - Tayyar, Ralph
AU  - Tayyar R
AD  - b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , American 
      University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon.
FAU - Kanafani, Zeina A
AU  - Kanafani ZA
AD  - b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , American 
      University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon.
FAU - Kanj, Souha S
AU  - Kanj SS
AD  - b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , American 
      University of Beirut Medical Center , Beirut , Lebanon.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160517
PL  - England
TA  - Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther
JT  - Expert review of anti-infective therapy
JID - 101181284
RN  - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aggregatibacter/drug effects/isolation & purification
MH  - Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
MH  - Cardiobacterium/drug effects/isolation & purification
MH  - Echocardiography
MH  - Eikenella corrodens/drug effects/isolation & purification
MH  - Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/*microbiology
MH  - Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification
MH  - Haemophilus/drug effects/isolation & purification
MH  - Humans
MH  - Kingella/drug effects/isolation & purification
MH  - Microbial Sensitivity Tests
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
OT  - Cardiobacterium hominis
OT  - Eikenella corrodens
OT  - HACEK endocarditis
OT  - Haemophilus spp
OT  - Kingella kingae
OT  - infective endocarditis
EDAT- 2016/04/29 06:00
MHDA- 2017/10/17 06:00
CRDT- 2016/04/29 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/29 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/04/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/10/17 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1080/14787210.2016.1184085 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016 Jun;14(6):539-45. doi: 
      10.1080/14787210.2016.1184085. Epub 2016 May 17.