PMID- 27135589
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180321
LR  - 20180321
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 563-564
DP  - 2016 Sep 1
TI  - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)-based analysis and 
      imaging of polyethylene microplastics formation during sea surf simulation.
PG  - 261-6
LID - S0048-9697(16)30705-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.025 [doi]
AB  - Plastic particles smaller than 5mm, so called microplastics have the capability 
      to accumulate in rivers, lakes and the marine environment and therefore have 
      begun to be considered in eco-toxicology and human health risk assessment. 
      Environmental microplastic contaminants may originate from consumer products like 
      body wash, tooth pastes and cosmetic products, but also from degradation of 
      plastic waste; they represent a potential but unpredictable threat to aquatic 
      organisms and possibly also to humans. We investigated exemplarily for 
      polyethylene (PE), the most abundant constituent of microplastic particles in the 
      environment, whether such fragments could be produced from larger pellets 
      (2mmx6mm). So far only few analytical methods exist to identify microplastic 
      particles smaller than 10mum, especially no imaging mass spectrometry technique. 
      We used at first time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for 
      analysis and imaging of small PE-microplastic particles directly in the model 
      system Ottawa sand during exposure to sea surf simulation. As a prerequisite, a 
      method for identification of PE was established by identification of 
      characteristic ions for PE out of an analysis of grinded polymer samples. The 
      method was applied onto Ottawa sand in order to investigate the influence of 
      simulated environmental conditions on particle transformation. A severe 
      degradation of the primary PE pellet surface, associated with the transformation 
      of larger particles into smaller ones already after 14days of sea surf 
      simulation, was observed. Within the subsequent period of 14days to 1month of 
      exposure the number of detected smallest-sized particles increased significantly 
      (50%) while the second smallest fraction increased even further to 350%. Results 
      were verified using artificially degraded PE pellets and Ottawa sand.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Jungnickel, H
AU  - Jungnickel H
AD  - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and 
      Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany. Electronic 
      address: harald.jungnickel@bfr.bund.de.
FAU - Pund, R
AU  - Pund R
AD  - Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Institute for 
      Fishery Products Cuxhaven (LAVES), Schleusenstrasse 1, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany; 
      German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental 
      Toxicology and ZEBET, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Tentschert, J
AU  - Tentschert J
AD  - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and 
      Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Reichardt, P
AU  - Reichardt P
AD  - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and 
      Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Laux, P
AU  - Laux P
AD  - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and 
      Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Harbach, H
AU  - Harbach H
AD  - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental 
      Toxicology and ZEBET, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Luch, A
AU  - Luch A
AD  - German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and 
      Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160430
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Plastics)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants)
RN  - 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide)
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Plastics/*analysis
MH  - Polyethylene/*analysis
MH  - Seawater/*chemistry
MH  - Silicon Dioxide
MH  - Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion
MH  - Water Movements
MH  - Water Pollutants/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Degradation
OT  - Microplastics
OT  - Particles
OT  - Polyethylene
OT  - Sea surf simulation
OT  - Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)
EDAT- 2016/05/03 06:00
MHDA- 2018/03/22 06:00
CRDT- 2016/05/03 06:00
PHST- 2015/10/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/04/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/04/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/05/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/03/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)30705-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.025 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Sep 1;563-564:261-6. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.025. Epub 2016 Apr 30.