PMID- 27162708
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220330
IS  - 2196-2952 (Print)
IS  - 2196-2952 (Electronic)
VI  - 3
IP  - 1
DP  - 2016 Mar
TI  - Alcohol use and depression during adolescence and young adulthood: a summary and 
      interpretation of mixed findings.
PG  - 91-97
AB  - Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and alcohol misuse are common among adolescents and 
      young adults and are associated with significant personal and societal problems. 
      Similarly, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and depressive symptoms are prevalent 
      in this population and when they co-occur with alcohol misuse lead to even more 
      severe consequences. Numerous studies have investigated the association between 
      depressive symptoms, AUD and various drinking behaviors presenting an unclear 
      picture. In this review we summarize studies among adolescents and young adults 
      that have examined these relationships. From this review it emerges that several 
      factors affect results, including study design (cross-sectional vs longitudinal), 
      participants' age (adolescents vs young adults), severity of problems considered 
      (AUD vs heavy drinking; MDD vs depressive symptoms), and gender. Adolescents with 
      AUD are at higher risk for MDD in particular at a younger age. During 
      adolescence, several drinking behaviors, including weekly alcohol use and heavy 
      drinking, increase the risk for depressive symptoms and MDD, while during young 
      adulthood primarily AUD, but not other drinking behaviors, is associated with 
      increased risk for MDD. Gender may have an effect on the association between 
      depression and drinking behaviors but its role is still unclear. Some evidence 
      suggests that the association between AUD and MDD is bidirectional such that mood 
      problems contribute to the onset of alcohol problems and vice-versa. More 
      longitudinal studies are needed to examine these associations in young adults and 
      to clarify the effect of gender on these associations. To date, findings suggest 
      the critical need to reduce any alcohol use at a young age and to treat both 
      depressive symptoms and AUD to prevent the occurrence of comorbid disorders.
FAU - Pedrelli, P
AU  - Pedrelli P
AD  - Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School.
FAU - Shapero, B
AU  - Shapero B
AD  - Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School.
FAU - Archibald, A
AU  - Archibald A
AD  - Massachusetts General Hospital.
FAU - Dale, C
AU  - Dale C
AD  - Massachusetts General Hospital.
LA  - eng
GR  - K23 AA020064/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160204
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Curr Addict Rep
JT  - Current addiction reports
JID - 101623508
PMC - PMC4859438
MID - NIHMS757949
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alcohol Use Disorder
OT  - Major Depressive Disorder
OT  - adolescence
OT  - depressive symptoms
OT  - heavy drinking
OT  - young adulthood
COIS- Conflict of Interest Paola Pedrelli, Ben Shapero, Abigail Archibald and Chelsea 
      Dale declare that they have no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2016/05/11 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/11 06:01
PMCR- 2017/03/01
CRDT- 2016/05/11 06:00
PHST- 2017/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
PHST- 2016/05/11 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/11 06:01 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s40429-016-0084-0 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Addict Rep. 2016 Mar;3(1):91-97. doi: 10.1007/s40429-016-0084-0. Epub 2016 
      Feb 4.