PMID- 27179320
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180402
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 565
DP  - 2016 Sep 15
TI  - Temporal trends in drug use in Adelaide, South Australia by wastewater analysis.
PG  - 384-391
LID - S0048-9697(16)30885-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.183 [doi]
AB  - Analysis of municipal wastewater for drug metabolites can reveal the scale of 
      drug use within communities. An Australian city with a population of 1.2million 
      inhabitants was assessed for 4 stimulants: cocaine, methamphetamine, 
      3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and amphetamine; 6 opioids: codeine, 
      morphine, heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone and methadone; 11 new psychoactive 
      substances (NPS); benzylpiperazine (BZP), trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine 
      (TFMPP), methcathinone, methylone, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 
      alpha pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-PVP), paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), 
      25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe; and cannabis, for up to four years between 
      December 2011 and December 2015. Temporal trends revealed increasing usage rates 
      of methamphetamine, cocaine, oxycodone, and fentanyl, while decreasing rates of 
      use were observed for MDMA, BZP and methylone. Use of other opioids and cannabis 
      was generally stable across years, while use of new psychoactive substances 
      fluctuated without an apparent direction. Opioids and cannabis were used at a 
      consistent level through the course of the week, while use of stimulants and some 
      NPS increased on the weekend. Seasonal differences in use were observed for MDMA 
      and cannabis (p$_amp_$lt;0.05) where, on average, MDMA use was approximately 90% 
      higher in December than in other months and cannabis use was approximately 45% 
      lower in each February. Residual month-to-month variability measures on 
      trend-free data showed NPS use had higher variability than the stimulants and 
      opioids. Frequent wastewater sampling and analysis over prolonged periods has 
      yielded valuable insights into long-term drug use trends, in some instances 
      revealed important within-year trends, and demonstrated the differing patterns of 
      use of drugs on weekends compared to weekdays.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Tscharke, Benjamin J
AU  - Tscharke BJ
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 
      2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
FAU - Chen, Chang
AU  - Chen C
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 
      2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
FAU - Gerber, Jacobus P
AU  - Gerber JP
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 
      2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia. Electronic address: 
      Cobus.gerber@unisa.edu.au.
FAU - White, Jason M
AU  - White JM
AD  - School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 
      2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160511
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Analgesics, Opioid)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Analgesics, Opioid/*analysis
MH  - Cities
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Forecasting
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Population Surveillance/*methods
MH  - South Australia/epidemiology
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*trends
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cannabis
OT  - New psychoactive substance
OT  - Opioids
OT  - Stimulants
OT  - Trend analysis
OT  - Wastewater
EDAT- 2016/05/15 06:00
MHDA- 2018/04/03 06:00
CRDT- 2016/05/15 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/04/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/04/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/05/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/04/03 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)30885-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.183 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Sep 15;565:384-391. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.183. 
      Epub 2016 May 11.