PMID- 27199906
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160520
LR  - 20200930
IS  - 1664-302X (Print)
IS  - 1664-302X (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-302X (Linking)
VI  - 7
DP  - 2016
TI  - The Vitamin B1 and B12 Required by the Marine Dinoflagellate Lingulodinium 
      polyedrum Can be Provided by its Associated Bacterial Community in Culture.
PG  - 560
LID - 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00560 [doi]
LID - 560
AB  - In this study we established the B1 and B12 vitamin requirement of the 
      dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum and the vitamin supply by its associated 
      bacterial community. In previous field studies the B1 and B12 demand of this 
      species was suggested but not experimentally verified. When the axenic vitamin 
      un-supplemented culture (B-ns) of L. polyedrum was inoculated with a coastal 
      bacterial community, the dinoflagellate's vitamin growth limitation was overcome, 
      reaching the same growth rates as the culture growing in vitamin 
      B1B7B12-supplemented (B-s) medium. Measured B12 concentrations in the B-s and 
      B-ns cultures were both higher than typical coastal concentrations and B12 in the 
      B-s culture was higher than in the B-ns culture. In both B-s and B-ns cultures, 
      the probability of dinoflagellate cells having bacteria attached to the cell 
      surface was similar and in both cultures an average of six bacteria were attached 
      to each dinoflagellate cell. In the B-ns culture the free bacterial community 
      showed significantly higher cell abundance suggesting that unattached bacteria 
      supplied the vitamins. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol 
      allowed the quantification and identification of three bacterial groups in the 
      same samples of the free and attached epibiotic bacteria for both treatments. The 
      relative composition of these groups was not significantly different and was 
      dominated by Alphaproteobacteria (>89%). To complement the FISH counts, 16S rDNA 
      sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions was performed using Illumina-MiSeq 
      technology. For both vitamin amendments, the dominant group found was 
      Alphaproteobacteria similar to FISH, but the percentage of Alphaproteobacteria 
      varied between 50 and 95%. Alphaproteobacteria were mainly represented by 
      Marivita sp., a member of the Roseobacter clade, followed by the 
      Gammaproteobacterium Marinobacter flavimaris. Our results show that L. polyedrum 
      is a B1 and B12 auxotroph, and acquire both vitamins from the associated 
      bacterial community in sufficient quantity to sustain the maximum growth rate.
FAU - Cruz-Lopez, Ricardo
AU  - Cruz-Lopez R
AD  - Oceanografia Biologica, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion 
      Superior de Ensenada Ensenada, Mexico.
FAU - Maske, Helmut
AU  - Maske H
AD  - Oceanografia Biologica, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion 
      Superior de Ensenada Ensenada, Mexico.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160506
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Microbiol
JT  - Frontiers in microbiology
JID - 101548977
PMC - PMC4858720
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 16S rDNA
OT  - B vitamin auxotrophy
OT  - Illumina-MiSeq sequencing
OT  - dinoflagellate-bacteria interactions
OT  - fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
EDAT- 2016/05/21 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/21 06:01
PMCR- 2016/05/06
CRDT- 2016/05/21 06:00
PHST- 2016/01/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/04/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/05/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/21 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/05/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00560 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Microbiol. 2016 May 6;7:560. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00560. eCollection 
      2016.