PMID- 27215379
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170517
LR  - 20180131
IS  - 1475-2662 (Electronic)
IS  - 0007-1145 (Linking)
VI  - 116
IP  - 3
DP  - 2016 Aug
TI  - Determination of the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of l-glutamine 
      and l-alanine, or dipeptide, supplementation in rats submitted to resistance 
      exercise.
PG  - 470-9
LID - 10.1017/S0007114516001999 [doi]
AB  - We evaluated the effects of chronic oral supplementation with l-glutamine and 
      l-alanine in their free form or as the dipeptide l-alanyl-l-glutamine (DIP) on 
      muscle damage, inflammation and cytoprotection, in rats submitted to progressive 
      resistance exercise (RE). Wistar rats (n 8/group) were submitted to 8-week RE, 
      which consisted of climbing a ladder with progressive loads. In the final 21 d 
      before euthanasia, supplements were delivered in a 4 % solution in drinking 
      water. Glutamine, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TNF-alpha, 
      specific IL (IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 
      (MCP-1) levels were evaluated in plasma. The concentrations of glutamine, TNF-alpha, 
      IL-6 and IL-10, as well as NF-kappaB activation, were determined in extensor 
      digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscle. HSP70 level was assayed in EDL and 
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RE reduced glutamine concentration in 
      plasma and EDL (P<0.05 v. sedentary group). However, l-glutamine supplements 
      (l-alanine plus l-glutamine (GLN+ALA) and DIP groups) restored glutamine levels 
      in plasma (by 40 and 58 %, respectively) and muscle (by 93 and 105 %, 
      respectively). GLN+ALA and DIP groups also exhibited increased level of HSP70 in 
      EDL and PBMC, consistent with the reduction of NF-kappaB p65 activation and cytokines 
      in EDL. Muscle protection was also indicated by attenuation in plasma levels of 
      CK, LDH, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, as well as an increase in IL-6, IL-10 and MCP-1. Our 
      study demonstrates that chronic oral l-glutamine treatment (given with l-alanine 
      or as dipeptide) following progressive RE induces cyprotective effects mediated 
      by HSP70-associated responses to muscle damage and inflammation.
FAU - Raizel, Raquel
AU  - Raizel R
AD  - 1Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical 
      Sciences,University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo,SP 05508-000,Brazil.
FAU - Leite, Jaqueline Santos Moreira
AU  - Leite JS
AD  - 1Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical 
      Sciences,University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo,SP 05508-000,Brazil.
FAU - Hypolito, Thais Menezes
AU  - Hypolito TM
AD  - 1Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical 
      Sciences,University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo,SP 05508-000,Brazil.
FAU - Coqueiro, Audrey Yule
AU  - Coqueiro AY
AD  - 1Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical 
      Sciences,University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo,SP 05508-000,Brazil.
FAU - Newsholme, Philip
AU  - Newsholme P
AD  - 2School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences andCurtin Health 
      Innovation Research Institute,Curtin University,WA 6102,Australia.
FAU - Cruzat, Vinicius Fernandes
AU  - Cruzat VF
AD  - 2School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences andCurtin Health 
      Innovation Research Institute,Curtin University,WA 6102,Australia.
FAU - Tirapegui, Julio
AU  - Tirapegui J
AD  - 1Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical 
      Sciences,University of Sao Paulo,Sao Paulo,SP 05508-000,Brazil.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20160524
PL  - England
TA  - Br J Nutr
JT  - The British journal of nutrition
JID - 0372547
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Dipeptides)
RN  - 0 (HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins)
RN  - 0 (NF-kappa B)
RN  - 0RH81L854J (Glutamine)
RN  - EC 1.1.1.27 (L-Lactate Dehydrogenase)
RN  - EC 2.7.3.2 (Creatine Kinase)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - U5JDO2770Z (alanylglutamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Alanine/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Creatine Kinase/blood
MH  - Cytokines/blood
MH  - *Dietary Supplements
MH  - Dipeptides/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Glutamine/blood/metabolism/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
MH  - Inflammation/drug therapy/etiology/metabolism
MH  - L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood
MH  - Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
MH  - Male
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/*drug effects/metabolism
MH  - NF-kappa B/metabolism
MH  - Rats, Wistar
MH  - Resistance Training/*adverse effects
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ALA trained supplemented with l-alanine
OT  - Alanine
OT  - CK creatine kinase
OT  - CTRL trained control group
OT  - DIP dipeptide l-alanyl-l-glutamine
OT  - EDL extensor digitorum longus
OT  - GLN+ALA l-alanine plus l-glutamine
OT  - HSP heat-shock protein
OT  - Heat-shock protein
OT  - Inflammation
OT  - LDH lactate dehydrogenase
OT  - MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
OT  - PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
OT  - RE resistance exercise
OT  - Resistance exercise
OT  - SED sedentary group
OT  - l-Alanyl-l-glutamine
EDAT- 2016/05/25 06:00
MHDA- 2017/05/18 06:00
CRDT- 2016/05/25 06:00
PHST- 2016/05/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/05/18 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0007114516001999 [pii]
AID - 10.1017/S0007114516001999 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Br J Nutr. 2016 Aug;116(3):470-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001999. Epub 2016 May 
      24.