PMID- 27220187
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160708
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1330-0164 (Print)
IS  - 1330-0164 (Linking)
VI  - 70
IP  - 1
DP  - 2016 Mar
TI  - [IMPACT OF BIOFILM ON HEALING AND A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING IT IN THE WOUND].
PG  - 29-32
AB  - The skin microbiome is the aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface 
      and in deep layers of the skin. Skin is colonized by bacteria, fungi, viruses and 
      mites, maintaining a balance. Disruption in the ecosystem results in skin 
      infections. Chronic wounds in diabetics, elderly and immobile individuals are at 
      risk of skin organisms to invade and become pathogenic upon breach of the skin 
      barrier. The bacteria of the skin microbiome may contribute to delayed healing 
      and persistent inflammation. Staphylococcus epidermidis is an invasive skin 
      organism that causes infection, i.e. hospital acquired infection (HAl) on medical 
      devices and form biofilm. At the most basic level, biofilm can be described as 
      bacteria embedded in a thick, slimy barrier of sugars and proteins. The biofilm 
      barrier protects the microorganisms from external threats. Biofilms provide a 
      reservoir of potentially infectious microorganisms that are resistant to 
      antimicrobial agents, and their importance in the failure of medical devices and 
      chronic inflammatory condition is increasingly being recognized. Particular 
      research interest exists in the association of biofilms with wound infection and 
      non-healing, i.e. chronic wounds. There is now strong evidence that biofilm is 
      present in the majority of chronic wounds. Specialized microscopic techniques 
      used since 2008 have allowed several research groups to demonstrate that 60% to 
      90% of chronic wounds have biofilm versus only 6% of acute wounds. While many 
      studies confirm that chronic wounds often contain a polymicrobial flora, 
      controversy remains with regard to whether these organisms directly contribute to 
      non-healing. It seems most likely that individual bacteria themselves are not 
      directly responsible for non-healing wounds. Rather, there is direct correlation 
      between the presence of four or more distinct bacterial species in a wound and 
      non-healing, suggesting that mixed microbial populations are the cause of 
      pathology. The most reliable method to confirm the presence of a biofilm is 
      specialized microscopy, e.g., bright-field, fluorescence in situ hybridization 
      (FISH), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Surface wound 
      cultures underestimate total wound microbiota--misleading. Histological staining 
      of deep debrided tissue shows evidence of biofilms. Now it is recognized that the 
      majority of microbial species in chronic wounds are anaerobic bacteria (deep 
      swabbing techniques yield similar findings to biopsies) if samples are processed 
      within two hours. Traditional (wound culture method) cultures have limitations 
      because all microbes (the organisms within the biofilm) cannot be isolated in 
      culture or cannot be detected. Therefore, the most effective methods are 
      molecular
FAU - Skrlin, Jasenka
AU  - Skrlin J
LA  - hrv
PT  - Journal Article
TT  - UTJECAJ BIOFILMA NA CIJELJENJE RANE I POSTUPAK ZA IDENTIFIKACIJU BIOFILMA U RANI.
PL  - Croatia
TA  - Acta Med Croatica
JT  - Acta medica Croatica : casopis Hravatske akademije medicinskih znanosti
JID - 9208249
SB  - IM
MH  - Bacteria/*isolation & purification
MH  - *Bacterial Typing Techniques
MH  - *Biofilms
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Wound Healing
MH  - Wound Infection/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy
EDAT- 2016/05/26 06:00
MHDA- 2016/07/09 06:00
CRDT- 2016/05/26 06:00
PHST- 2016/05/26 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/07/09 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Acta Med Croatica. 2016 Mar;70(1):29-32.