PMID- 27225627
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20161013
LR  - 20210109
IS  - 2051-817X (Electronic)
IS  - 2051-817X (Linking)
VI  - 4
IP  - 10
DP  - 2016 May
TI  - Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train-low 
      paradigms for endurance athletes.
LID - 10.14814/phy2.12803 [doi]
LID - e12803
AB  - Using an amalgamation of previously studied "train-low" paradigms, we tested the 
      effects of reduced carbohydrate (CHO) but high leucine availability on 
      cell-signaling responses associated with exercise-induced regulation of 
      mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). In a 
      repeated-measures crossover design, 11 males completed an exhaustive cycling 
      protocol with high CHO availability before, during, and after exercise (HIGH) or 
      alternatively, low CHO but high protein (leucine enriched) availability 
      (LOW + LEU). Muscle glycogen was different (P < 0.05) pre-exercise (HIGH: 
      583 +/- 158, LOW + LEU: 271 +/- 85 mmol kg(-1) dw) but decreased (P < 0.05) to 
      comparable levels at exhaustion ( approximately 100 mmol kg(-1) dw). Despite differences 
      (P < 0.05) in exercise capacity (HIGH: 158 +/- 29, LOW + LEU: 100 +/- 17 min), 
      exercise induced (P < 0.05) comparable AMPKalpha2 (3-4-fold) activity, PGC-1alpha 
      (13-fold), p53 (2-fold), Tfam (1.5-fold), SIRT1 (1.5-fold), Atrogin 1 (2-fold), 
      and MuRF1 (5-fold) gene expression at 3 h post-exercise. Exhaustive exercise 
      suppressed p70S6K activity to comparable levels immediately post-exercise 
      ( approximately 20 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). Despite elevated leucine availability post-exercise, 
      p70S6K activity remained suppressed (P < 0.05) 3 h post-exercise in LOW + LEU 
      (28 +/- 14 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)), whereas muscle glycogen resynthesis 
      (40 mmol kg(-1) dw h(-1)) was associated with elevated (P < 0.05) p70S6K activity 
      in HIGH (53 +/- 30 fmol min(-1) mg(-1)). We conclude: (1) CHO restriction before 
      and during exercise induces "work-efficient" mitochondrial-related cell signaling 
      but; (2) post-exercise CHO and energy restriction maintains p70S6K activity at 
      basal levels despite feeding leucine-enriched protein. Our data support the 
      practical concept of "fuelling for the work required" as a potential strategy for 
      which to amalgamate train-low paradigms into periodized training programs.
CI  - (c) 2016 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on 
      behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.
FAU - Impey, Samuel G
AU  - Impey SG
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Hammond, Kelly M
AU  - Hammond KM
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Shepherd, Sam O
AU  - Shepherd SO
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Sharples, Adam P
AU  - Sharples AP
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Stewart, Claire
AU  - Stewart C
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Limb, Marie
AU  - Limb M
AD  - MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging, Research Division of Medical Sciences 
      and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, University of Nottingham Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.
FAU - Smith, Kenneth
AU  - Smith K
AD  - MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging, Research Division of Medical Sciences 
      and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, University of Nottingham Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.
FAU - Philp, Andrew
AU  - Philp A
AD  - MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research, School of Sport, Exercise and 
      Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
FAU - Jeromson, Stewart
AU  - Jeromson S
AD  - Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, 
      UK.
FAU - Hamilton, D Lee
AU  - Hamilton DL
AD  - Health and Exercise Sciences Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, 
      UK.
FAU - Close, Graeme L
AU  - Close GL
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Morton, James P
AU  - Morton JP
AD  - Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 
      University, Liverpool, UK j.p.morton@ljmu.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Physiol Rep
JT  - Physiological reports
JID - 101607800
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
RN  - 9005-79-2 (Glycogen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - *Athletes
MH  - Bicycling/*physiology
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - *Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage/*metabolism
MH  - Exercise/*physiology
MH  - Glycogen/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
MH  - Physical Endurance/*physiology
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC4886170
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Mitochondrial biogenesis
OT  - muscle glycogen
OT  - train-low
EDAT- 2016/05/27 06:00
MHDA- 2016/05/27 06:01
PMCR- 2016/05/24
CRDT- 2016/05/27 06:00
PHST- 2016/02/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/05/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/05/27 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/05/24 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 4/10/e12803 [pii]
AID - PHY212803 [pii]
AID - 10.14814/phy2.12803 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Physiol Rep. 2016 May;4(10):e12803. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12803.