PMID- 27236142
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180321
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 563-564
DP  - 2016 Sep 1
TI  - Drugs of abuse and alcohol consumption among different groups of population on 
      the Greek Island of Lesvos through sewage-based epidemiology.
PG  - 633-40
LID - S0048-9697(16)30823-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130 [doi]
AB  - The occurrence of 22 drugs of abuse, their metabolites, and the alcohol 
      metabolite ethyl sulphate was investigated in raw sewage samples collected during 
      the non-touristic season from three sewage treatment plants (STPs), which serve 
      different sizes and types of population in the Greek island of Lesvos. Using the 
      sewage-based epidemiology approach, the consumption of these substances was 
      estimated. Five target analytes, cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 
      11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) 
      were detected at concentrations above their limit of quantification, whereas the 
      rest eighteen target compounds were not detected. THC-COOH was detected in most 
      of the samples with concentrations ranging between <20 and 90ngL(-1), followed by 
      EtS (range <1700-12,243ngL(-1)). COC, BE, and MDMA were present only in the STP 
      that serves Mytilene (the main city of the island), at mean concentrations of 
      3.9ngL(-1) for COC (95% CI: 1.7-6.1), 9.4ngL(-1) for BE (95% CI: -1.6-23) and 
      3.2ngL(-1) for MDMA (95% CI: 1.2-5.1). Back-calculations to an amount of used 
      substance indicated more intense use of drugs among city population than rural 
      and University population with average values of 9.5 and 1.2mgday(-1) per 1000 
      inhabitants for COC (95% CI: -1.43-20.4) and MDMA (95% CI: 0.52-1.85), 
      respectively, and 2.8gday(-1) per 1000 inhabitants for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 
      (95% CI: 2.4-3.1), the active ingredient of cannabis. Alcohol consumption was 
      observed to be higher in the city population (5.4mL pure alcohol per day per 
      inhabitant) than in the rural population (3.4mL pure alcohol per day per 
      inhabitant), but the difference was not statistically significant. Consumption of 
      THC differed significantly among the three STPs.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gatidou, Georgia
AU  - Gatidou G
AD  - Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81 
      100, Greece. Electronic address: ggatid@env.aegean.gr.
FAU - Kinyua, Juliet
AU  - Kinyua J
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, 
      University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - van Nuijs, Alexander L N
AU  - van Nuijs AL
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, 
      University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Gracia-Lor, Emma
AU  - Gracia-Lor E
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche 
      Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 16 Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
FAU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU  - Castiglioni S
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche 
      Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 16 Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, 
      University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Stasinakis, Athanasios S
AU  - Stasinakis AS
AD  - Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81 
      100, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160525
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Sewage)
RN  - 0 (Sulfuric Acid Esters)
RN  - K0FO4VFA7I (diethyl sulfate)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Alcohol Drinking
MH  - Biomarkers/analysis
MH  - Greece
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Islands
MH  - Rural Population/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Sewage/*analysis
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - Sulfuric Acid Esters/analysis
MH  - Universities/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alcohol consumption
OT  - Biomarker analysis
OT  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
OT  - Psychoactive compounds
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2016/05/29 06:00
MHDA- 2018/03/22 06:00
CRDT- 2016/05/29 06:00
PHST- 2015/12/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/04/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/04/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/05/29 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/05/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/03/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)30823-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Sep 1;563-564:633-40. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130. Epub 2016 May 25.