PMID- 27251771
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180321
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 565
DP  - 2016 Sep 15
TI  - Profiles and changes in stimulant use in Belgium in the period of 2011-2015.
PG  - 1011-1019
LID - S0048-9697(16)31058-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.128 [doi]
AB  - Adapting illicit drug policy strategies requires detailed knowledge on types and 
      amounts of substances consumed by the target population. In this study, we 
      applied wastewater-based epidemiology to detect spatio-temporal changes in the 
      relative amounts of stimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 
      methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine) used in seven locations in Belgium 
      over 2011-2015. Clear geographical differences were observed with stimulant users 
      in large cities (Antwerp, Brussels) showing a preference for cocaine, while 
      amphetamine use was most abundant in smaller cities (Geraardsbergen, Koksijde, 
      Lier, Ninove, Ostend). Results obtained across odifferent years revealed that the 
      investigated substances had a stable share in the total amount of stimulants 
      used, suggesting that habits of stimulant use remained constant, although 
      differences in absolute amounts were observed across years. Investigation of the 
      weekly pattern in stimulant use showed an increase in the use of MDMA on the 
      weekends compared to cocaine and amphetamine.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Been, Frederic
AU  - Been F
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU  - Lai FY
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Kinyua, Juliet
AU  - Kinyua J
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - van Nuijs, Alexander L N
AU  - van Nuijs ALN
AD  - Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of 
      Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: 
      alexander.vannuijs@uantwerpen.be.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160529
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamines/*analysis
MH  - Belgium
MH  - Biomarkers/analysis
MH  - Central Nervous System Stimulants/*analysis
MH  - Cities
MH  - Cocaine/*analysis
MH  - Geography
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Population Density
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - Time Factors
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Amphetamine-type stimulants
OT  - Belgium
OT  - Cocaine
OT  - Spatiotemporal changes
OT  - Stimulant use
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2016/06/03 06:00
MHDA- 2018/03/22 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/03 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/05/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/05/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/06/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/03/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)31058-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.128 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Sep 15;565:1011-1019. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.128. Epub 2016 May 29.