PMID- 27260130
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170414
LR  - 20171202
IS  - 1873-3476 (Electronic)
IS  - 0378-5173 (Linking)
VI  - 514
IP  - 1
DP  - 2016 Nov 30
TI  - Advanced topical formulations (ATF).
PG  - 52-57
LID - S0378-5173(16)30455-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.065 [doi]
AB  - Topical formulations aim to target the skin for a variety of cosmetic, protective 
      or therapeutic needs. Despite the use of creams and ointments over the millennia, 
      the bioavailability of actives from topical preparations remains quite low, often 
      not exceeding 1-2% of the applied dose. In this review we examine the reasons 
      underlying the poor performance of topical preparations. We also outline a 
      rational approach, based on Fick's laws of diffusion, to develop advanced topical 
      formulations. Methodologies which are currently used in research and development 
      are critically examined and the importance of understanding the fate of the 
      vehicle as well as the active is emphasised. Advanced topical formulation 
      development will also be facilitated by emerging and sophisticated analytical 
      techniques that are able to probe real time delivery of actives to the skin. A 
      good understanding of the underlying physical chemistry of both the formulation 
      and the skin is crucial in the development of optimised topical products.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Hadgraft, Jonathan
AU  - Hadgraft J
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, 
      London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
FAU - Lane, Majella E
AU  - Lane ME
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, 
      London, WC1N 1AX, UK. Electronic address: majella.lane@btinternet.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160531
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Int J Pharm
JT  - International journal of pharmaceutics
JID - 7804127
RN  - 0 (Cosmetics)
RN  - 0 (Ointments)
RN  - 0 (Pharmaceutical Preparations)
SB  - IM
MH  - Administration, Cutaneous
MH  - Animals
MH  - Biological Availability
MH  - Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods
MH  - Cosmetics/administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Diffusion
MH  - Ointments/administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Pharmaceutical Preparations/*administration & dosage/*chemistry
MH  - Skin/*drug effects
MH  - Skin Absorption
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Advanced topical formulation
OT  - Crystallisation
OT  - Penetration
OT  - Skin
OT  - Supersaturation
EDAT- 2016/06/05 06:00
MHDA- 2017/04/15 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/05 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/05/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/05/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/04/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/06/05 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0378-5173(16)30455-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.065 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Pharm. 2016 Nov 30;514(1):52-57. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.065. Epub 
      2016 May 31.