PMID- 27262786
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180123
LR  - 20190318
IS  - 1873-6750 (Electronic)
IS  - 0160-4120 (Linking)
VI  - 94
DP  - 2016 Sep
TI  - Propelling plastics into the circular economy - weeding out the toxics first.
PG  - 230-234
LID - S0160-4120(16)30185-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.012 [doi]
AB  - The Stockholm Convention bans toxic chemicals on its persistent organic 
      pollutants (POPs) list in order to promote cleaner production and prevent POPs 
      accumulation in the global environment. The original 'dirty dozen' set of POPs 
      has been expanded to include some of the brominated diphenyl ether flame 
      retardants (POP-BDEs). In addition to cleaner production, there is an urgent need 
      for increased resource efficiency to address the finite amount of raw materials 
      on Earth. Recycling plastic enhances resource efficiency and is part of the 
      circular economy approach, but how clean are the materials we are recycling? With 
      the help of a new screening method and detailed analyses, we set out to 
      investigate where these largely obsolete BDEs were showing up in Dutch automotive 
      and electronics waste streams, calculate mass flows and determine to what extent 
      they are entering the new product chains. Our study revealed that banned BDEs and 
      other toxic flame retardants are found at high concentrations in certain plastic 
      materials destined for recycling markets. They were also found in a variety of 
      new consumer products, including children's toys. A mass flow analysis showed 
      that 22% of all the POP-BDE in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) 
      is expected to end up in recycled plastics because these toxic, bioaccumulative 
      and persistent substances are currently not effectively separated out of plastic 
      waste streams. In the automotive sector, this is 14%, while an additional 19% is 
      expected to end up in second-hand parts (reuse). These results raise the issue of 
      delicate trade-offs between consumer safety/cleaner production and resource 
      efficiency. As petroleum intensive materials, plastic products ought to be 
      repaired, reused, remanufactured and recycled, making good use of the 'inner 
      circles' of the circular economy. Keeping hazardous substances - whether they are 
      well known POPs or emerging contaminants - out of products and plastic waste 
      streams could make these cycles work better for businesses, people and nature.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Leslie, H A
AU  - Leslie HA
AD  - Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 
      1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: 
      heather.leslie@vu.nl.
FAU - Leonards, P E G
AU  - Leonards PEG
AD  - Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 
      1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Brandsma, S H
AU  - Brandsma SH
AD  - Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 
      1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - de Boer, J
AU  - de Boer J
AD  - Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 
      1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Jonkers, N
AU  - Jonkers N
AD  - IVAM, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The 
      Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160602
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Int
JT  - Environment international
JID - 7807270
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Plastics)
RN  - 7REL09ZX35 (pentabromodiphenyl ether)
SB  - IM
MH  - Automobiles
MH  - Consumer Product Safety
MH  - Electronic Waste
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis
MH  - Netherlands
MH  - Plastics/*chemistry
MH  - Play and Playthings
MH  - *Recycling
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Circular economy
OT  - *End-of-life vehicles
OT  - *Flame retardants
OT  - *Plastic
OT  - *Recycling
OT  - *WEEE
EDAT- 2016/06/06 06:00
MHDA- 2018/01/24 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/06 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/05/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/05/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/06/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/01/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0160-4120(16)30185-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.012 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Int. 2016 Sep;94:230-234. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.012. Epub 2016 
      Jun 2.