PMID- 27267725
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180219
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 568
DP  - 2016 Oct 15
TI  - Spatial variations in the consumption of illicit stimulant drugs across 
      Australia: A nationwide application of wastewater-based epidemiology.
PG  - 810-818
LID - S0048-9697(16)31139-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.207 [doi]
AB  - Obtaining representative information on illicit drug use and patterns across a 
      country remains difficult using surveys because of low response rates and 
      response biases. A range of studies have used wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) 
      as a complementary approach to monitor community-wide illicit drug use. In 
      Australia, no large-scale WBE studies have been conducted to date to reveal 
      illicit drug use profiles in a national context. In this study, we performed the 
      first Australia-wide WBE monitoring to examine spatial patterns in the use of 
      three illicit stimulants (cocaine, as its human metabolite benzoylecgonine; 
      methamphetamine; and 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)). A total of 112 
      daily composite wastewater samples were collected from 14 wastewater treatment 
      plants across four states and two territories. These covered approximately 40% of 
      the Australian population. We identified and quantified illicit drug residues 
      using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. There were 
      distinctive spatial patterns of illicit stimulant use in Australia. Multivariate 
      analyses showed that consumption of cocaine and MDMA was higher in the large 
      cities than in rural areas. Also, cocaine consumption differed significantly 
      between different jurisdictions. Methamphetamine consumption was more similar 
      between urban and rural locations. Only a few cities had elevated levels of use. 
      Extrapolation of the WBE estimates suggested that the annual consumption was 
      3tonnes for cocaine and 9tonnes combined for methamphetamine and MDMA, which 
      outweighed the annual seizure amount by 25 times and 45 times, respectively. 
      These ratios imply the difficulty of detecting the trafficking of these 
      stimulants in Australia, possibly more so for methamphetamine than cocaine. The 
      obtained spatial pattern of use was compared with that in the most recent 
      national household survey. Together both WBE and survey methods provide a more 
      comprehensive evaluation of drug use that can assist governments in developing 
      policies to reduce drug use and harm in the communities.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU  - Lai FY
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. 
      Electronic address: foon.lai@uqconnect.edu.au.
FAU - O'Brien, Jake
AU  - O'Brien J
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
FAU - Bruno, Raimondo
AU  - Bruno R
AD  - School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, 
      Australia.
FAU - Hall, Wayne
AU  - Hall W
AD  - The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4000, 
      Australia.
FAU - Prichard, Jeremy
AU  - Prichard J
AD  - Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Australia.
FAU - Kirkbride, Paul
AU  - Kirkbride P
AD  - School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, 
      Australia.
FAU - Gartner, Coral
AU  - Gartner C
AD  - The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4000, 
      Australia.
FAU - Thai, Phong
AU  - Thai P
AD  - International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of 
      Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
FAU - Carter, Steve
AU  - Carter S
AD  - Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels 
      Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
FAU - Lloyd, Belinda
AU  - Lloyd B
AD  - Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, 
      Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
FAU - Burns, Lucy
AU  - Burns L
AD  - National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 
      NSW 2031, Australia.
FAU - Mueller, Jochen
AU  - Mueller J
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160603
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Australia/epidemiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Spatio-Temporal Analysis
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods/*trends
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cocaine
OT  - Drug residues
OT  - LC-MS/MS
OT  - MDMA
OT  - Methamphetamine
OT  - Wastewater analysis
EDAT- 2016/06/09 06:00
MHDA- 2018/02/20 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/09 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/05/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/05/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/06/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/02/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)31139-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.207 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Oct 15;568:810-818. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.207. 
      Epub 2016 Jun 3.