PMID- 27286832
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170707
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1471-2334 (Electronic)
IS  - 1471-2334 (Linking)
VI  - 16
DP  - 2016 Jun 10
TI  - Widespread hepatitis B virus genotype G (HBV-G) infection during the early years 
      of the HIV epidemic in the Netherlands among men who have sex with men.
PG  - 268
LID - 10.1186/s12879-016-1599-7 [doi]
LID - 268
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants belong to different genotypes, A-J, 
      whose worldwide distribution is linked with geography, probably because viral 
      spread was associated with ancient human migrations. HBV genotype G (HBV-G) is an 
      aberrant genotype with little sequence divergence, suggesting a recent origin. 
      HBV-G is strongly associated with certain risk groups such as intravenous drug 
      users (IDUs) and men who have sex with men (MSM), but hardly with geography. The 
      origin and epidemiology of HBV-G remain unresolved, as is the disease 
      association. METHODS: To estimate the prevalence and possible time of 
      introduction of HBV-G into the MSM community in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, we 
      have retrospectively analysed 226 blood serum samples from HBsAg positive MSM 
      enrolled in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies (ACS) on HIV infection and AIDS dating 
      from 1984 to 1999 using genotype-specific PCR assays. RESULTS: Of the 226 
      HBsAg-positive samples, 149 were HBV DNA positive. Of those, 104 were positive 
      for HBV genotype A (HBV-A) and five for HBV-G, and 40 showed a dual infection 
      with both HBV-A and HBV-G. Being HIV-infected was significantly associated with a 
      reduced HBV DNA viral load in blood, but not with the prevalence of HBV-G. Early 
      virus already contained stop codons in the precore region and a 36 bp insertion 
      in the core gene which are the characteristics of HBV-G. CONCLUSIONS: HBV-G was 
      introduced before 1985 into the Amsterdam MSM community. Early isolates show very 
      limited sequence variation, confirming a low evolutionary rate. HBV-G acquisition 
      was independent of HIV infection, but being HIV-infected was significantly 
      associated with a reduced HBV viral load in blood, indicating a beneficial effect 
      of early HIV infection in controlling HBV replication.
FAU - Cornelissen, Marion
AU  - Cornelissen M
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center 
      for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the 
      University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Zorgdrager, Fokla
AU  - Zorgdrager F
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center 
      for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the 
      University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Bruisten, Sylvia M
AU  - Bruisten SM
AD  - Public Health Laboratory, GGD Amsterdam, Cluster Infectious Diseases, Nieuwe 
      Achtergracht 100, Amsterdam, 1018 WT, The Netherlands.
FAU - Bakker, Margreet
AU  - Bakker M
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center 
      for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the 
      University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Berkhout, Ben
AU  - Berkhout B
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center 
      for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the 
      University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - van der Kuyl, Antoinette C
AU  - van der Kuyl AC
AD  - Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center 
      for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the 
      University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 
      a.c.vanderkuyl@amc.uva.nl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160610
PL  - England
TA  - BMC Infect Dis
JT  - BMC infectious diseases
JID - 100968551
RN  - 0 (DNA, Viral)
RN  - 0 (Hepatitis B Surface Antigens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Bisexuality/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Cohort Studies
MH  - Coinfection/epidemiology
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - DNA, Viral/blood
MH  - *Epidemics
MH  - Female
MH  - Genotype
MH  - HIV Infections/*epidemiology
MH  - Hepatitis B/blood/*epidemiology/virology
MH  - Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood
MH  - Hepatitis B virus/*genetics
MH  - Homosexuality, Male/*statistics & numerical data
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Netherlands/epidemiology
MH  - Prevalence
MH  - Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
MH  - Retrospective Studies
MH  - Viral Load
PMC - PMC4901482
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Genotype
OT  - HIV-1
OT  - Hepatitis B virus
OT  - MSM
EDAT- 2016/06/12 06:00
MHDA- 2017/07/08 06:00
PMCR- 2016/06/10
CRDT- 2016/06/12 06:00
PHST- 2016/01/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/05/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/06/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/07/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/06/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12879-016-1599-7 [pii]
AID - 1599 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12879-016-1599-7 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Jun 10;16:268. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1599-7.