PMID- 27325011
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180219
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 568
DP  - 2016 Oct 15
TI  - Cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine residues in wastewater: Consumption trends 
      (2009-2015) in South East Queensland, Australia.
PG  - 803-809
LID - S0048-9697(16)31119-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.181 [doi]
AB  - Wastewater analysis, or wastewater-based epidemiology, has become a common tool 
      to monitor trends of illicit drug consumption around the world. In this study, we 
      examined trends in cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 
      methamphetamine consumption by measuring their residues in wastewater from two 
      wastewater treatment plants in Australia (specifically, an urban and a rural 
      catchment, both in South East Queensland) between 2009 and 2015. With direct 
      injection of the samples, target analytes were identified and quantified using 
      liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cocaine and MDMA residues and 
      metabolites were mainly quantifiable in the urban catchment while methamphetamine 
      residues were consistently detected in both urban and rural catchments. There was 
      no consistent trend in the population normalised mass loads observed for cocaine 
      and MDMA at the urban site between 2009 and 2015. In contrast, there was a 
      five-fold increase in methamphetamine consumption over this period in this 
      catchment. For methamphetamine consumption, the rural area showed a very similar 
      trend as the urban catchment starting at a lower baseline. The observed increase 
      in per capita loads of methamphetamine via wastewater analysis over the past six 
      years in South East Queensland provides objective evidence for increased 
      methamphetamine consumption in the Australian population while the use of other 
      illicit stimulants remained relatively stable.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU  - Lai FY
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. 
      Electronic address: foon.lai@uqconnect.edu.au.
FAU - O'Brien, Jake W
AU  - O'Brien JW
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
FAU - Thai, Phong K
AU  - Thai PK
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia; 
      Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and 
      Health, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
FAU - Hall, Wayne
AU  - Hall W
AD  - The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, 
      QLD, 4029, Australia.
FAU - Chan, Gary
AU  - Chan G
AD  - The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, 
      QLD, 4029, Australia.
FAU - Bruno, Raimondo
AU  - Bruno R
AD  - School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7001, 
      Australia.
FAU - Ort, Christoph
AU  - Ort C
AD  - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) Urban Water 
      Management, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland.
FAU - Prichard, Jeremy
AU  - Prichard J
AD  - Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS 7001, 
      Australia.
FAU - Carter, Steve
AU  - Carter S
AD  - Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels 
      Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
FAU - Anuj, Shalona
AU  - Anuj S
AD  - Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels 
      Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
FAU - Kirkbride, K Paul
AU  - Kirkbride KP
AD  - School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 
      Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia.
FAU - Gartner, Coral
AU  - Gartner C
AD  - The University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Herston, 
      QLD, 4029, Australia.
FAU - Humphries, Melissa
AU  - Humphries M
AD  - School of Physical Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 
      7001, Australia.
FAU - Mueller, Jochen F
AU  - Mueller JF
AD  - The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. 
      Electronic address: j.mueller@uq.edu.au.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160617
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cocaine/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Methamphetamine/*analysis
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*analysis
MH  - Queensland/epidemiology
MH  - Rural Population/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*trends
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
MH  - Urban Population/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Drug epidemiology
OT  - Drug markets
OT  - Illicit stimulants
OT  - LC-MS/MS
OT  - Rural areas
OT  - Urban cities
EDAT- 2016/06/22 06:00
MHDA- 2018/02/20 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/22 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/05/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/05/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/06/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/02/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)31119-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.181 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Oct 15;568:803-809. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.181. 
      Epub 2016 Jun 17.