PMID- 27338844
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180321
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 568
DP  - 2016 Oct 15
TI  - Using wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate drug consumption-Statistical 
      analyses and data presentation.
PG  - 856-863
LID - S0048-9697(16)31225-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052 [doi]
AB  - AIM: Analysis of wastewater samples can be used to assess population drug use, 
      but reporting and statistical issues have limited the utility of the approach for 
      epidemiology due to analytical results that are below the limit of quantification 
      or detection. Unobserved or non-quantifiable-censored-data are common and likely 
      to persist as the methodology is applied to more municipalities and a broader 
      array of substances. We demonstrate the use of censored data techniques and 
      account for measurement errors to explore distributions and annual estimates of 
      the daily mean level of drugs excreted per capita. MEASUREMENTS: Daily 24-hour 
      composite wastewater samples for 56days in 2009 were obtained using a random 
      sample stratified by day of week and season for 19 municipalities in the 
      Northwest region of the U.S. METHODS: Methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine (cocaine 
      metabolite), 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methadone, oxycodone and 
      hydrocodone were identified and quantified in wastewater samples. Four 
      statistical approaches (reporting censoring, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, 
      Kaplan-Meier estimates, or complete data calculations) were used to estimate an 
      annual average, including confidence bounds where appropriate, dependent upon the 
      amount of censoring in the data. FINDINGS: The proportion of days within a year 
      with censored data varied greatly by drug across the 19 municipalities, with MDMA 
      varying the most (4% to 94% of observations censored). The different statistical 
      approaches each needed to be used given the levels of censoring of measured drug 
      concentrations. Figures incorporating confidence bounds allow visualization of 
      the data that facilitates appropriate comparisons across municipalities. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Results from wastewater sampling that are below detection or 
      quantification limits contain important information and can be incorporated to 
      create a more complete and valid estimate of drug excretion.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.
FAU - Banta-Green, Caleb J
AU  - Banta-Green CJ
AD  - Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, 
      United States. Electronic address: calebbg@uw.edu.
FAU - Brewer, Alex J
AU  - Brewer AJ
AD  - Department of Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 
      97331, United States; Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, 
      Ellensburg, WA 98926, United States.
FAU - Ort, Christoph
AU  - Ort C
AD  - Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 
      Dubendorf, Switzerland.
FAU - Helsel, Dennis R
AU  - Helsel DR
AD  - Practical Stats, Castle Rock, CO 80109, United States.
FAU - Williams, Jason R
AU  - Williams JR
AD  - Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, 
      United States.
FAU - Field, Jennifer A
AU  - Field JA
AD  - Department of Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 
      97331, United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160620
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Data Interpretation, Statistical
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Epidemiologic Studies
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Oregon
MH  - Population Surveillance/*methods
MH  - Washington
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Censored data
OT  - Data visualization
OT  - Drug epidemiology
OT  - Summary statistics
OT  - Wastewater
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2016/06/25 06:00
MHDA- 2018/03/22 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/25 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/06/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/06/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/06/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/06/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/03/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)31225-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Oct 15;568:856-863. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052. 
      Epub 2016 Jun 20.