PMID- 27351319
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170616
LR  - 20180104
IS  - 1521-6950 (Electronic)
IS  - 1093-7404 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 7
DP  - 2016
TI  - Sources, fates, toxicity, and risks of trifluoroacetic acid and its salts: 
      Relevance to substances regulated under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.
PG  - 289-304
AB  - Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a breakdown product of several 
      hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), regulated under the Montreal Protocol (MP), and 
      hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) used mainly as refrigerants. Trifluoroacetic acid is (1) 
      produced naturally and synthetically, (2) used in the chemical industry, and (3) 
      a potential environmental breakdown product of a large number (>1 million) 
      chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and polymers. The contribution 
      of these chemicals to global amounts of TFA is uncertain, in contrast to that 
      from HCFC and HFC regulated under the MP. TFA salts are stable in the environment 
      and accumulate in terminal sinks such as playas, salt lakes, and oceans, where 
      the only process for loss of water is evaporation. Total contribution to existing 
      amounts of TFA in the oceans as a result of the continued use of HCFCs, HFCs, and 
      hydrofluoroolefines (HFOs) up to 2050 is estimated to be a small fraction (<7.5%) 
      of the approximately 0.2 mug acid equivalents/L estimated to be present at the 
      start of the millennium. As an acid or as a salt TFA is low to moderately toxic 
      to a range of organisms. Based on current projections of future use of HCFCs and 
      HFCs, the amount of TFA formed in the troposphere from substances regulated under 
      the MP is too small to be a risk to the health of humans and environment. 
      However, the formation of TFA derived from degradation of HCFC and HFC warrants 
      continued attention, in part because of a long environmental lifetime and due 
      many other potential but highly uncertain sources.
FAU - Solomon, Keith R
AU  - Solomon KR
AD  - a Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph 
      , Guelph , Ontario , Canada.
FAU - Velders, Guus J M
AU  - Velders GJ
AD  - b National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , 
      The Netherlands.
FAU - Wilson, Stephen R
AU  - Wilson SR
AD  - c Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 
      , Australia.
FAU - Madronich, Sasha
AU  - Madronich S
AD  - d National Center for Atmospheric Research , Boulder , Colorado , USA.
FAU - Longstreth, Janice
AU  - Longstreth J
AD  - e The Institute for Global Risk Research , Bethesda , Maryland , USA.
FAU - Aucamp, Pieter J
AU  - Aucamp PJ
AD  - f Ptersa Environmental Consultants , Faerie Glen , South Africa.
FAU - Bornman, Janet F
AU  - Bornman JF
AD  - g International Institute of Agri-Food Security, Curtin University , Perth , 
      Western Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160628
PL  - England
TA  - J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev
JT  - Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews
JID - 9802627
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Salts)
RN  - E5R8Z4G708 (Trifluoroacetic Acid)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Environmental Exposure
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Environmental Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Salts/analysis
MH  - Trifluoroacetic Acid/*analysis
EDAT- 2016/11/03 06:00
MHDA- 2017/06/18 06:00
CRDT- 2016/06/29 06:00
PHST- 2016/11/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/06/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/06/29 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1080/10937404.2016.1175981 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2016;19(7):289-304. doi: 
      10.1080/10937404.2016.1175981. Epub 2016 Jun 28.