PMID- 27356601
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170728
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1732-2693 (Electronic)
IS  - 0032-5449 (Linking)
VI  - 70
IP  - 0
DP  - 2016 Jun 30
TI  - From tyrosine to melanin: Signaling pathways and factors regulating 
      melanogenesis.
PG  - 695-708
LID - 10.5604/17322693.1208033 [doi]
AB  - Melanins are natural pigments of skin, hair and eyes and can be classified into 
      two main types: brown to black eumelanin and yellow to reddish-brown pheomelanin. 
      Biosynthesis of melanins takes place in melanosomes, which are specialized 
      cytoplasmic organelles of melanocytes - dendritic cells located in the basal 
      layer of the epidermis, uveal tract of the eye, hair follicles, as well as in the 
      inner ear, central nervous system and heart. Melanogenesis is a multistep process 
      and begins with the conversion of amino acid L-tyrosine to DOPAquinone. The 
      addition of cysteine or glutathione to DOPAquinone leads to the intermediates 
      formation, followed by subsequent transformations and polymerization to the final 
      product, pheomelanin. In the absence of thiol compounds DOPAquinone undergoes an 
      intramolecular cyclization and oxidation to form DOPAchrome, which is then 
      converted to 5,6-dihydroksyindole (DHI) or 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid 
      (DHICA). Eumelanin is formed by polymerization of DHI and DHICA and their 
      quinones. Regulation of melanogenesis is achieved by physical and biochemical 
      factors. The article presents the intracellular signaling pathways: 
      cAMP/PKA/CREB/MITF cascade, MAP kinases cascade, PLC/DAG/PKCbeta cascade and 
      NO/cGMP/PKG cascade, which are involved in the regulation of expression and 
      activity of the melanogenesis-related proteins by ultraviolet radiation and 
      endogenous agents (cytokines, hormones). Activity of the key melanogenic enzyme, 
      tyrosinase, is also affected by pH and temperature. Many pharmacologically active 
      substances are able to inhibit or stimulate melanin biosynthesis, as evidenced by 
      in vitro studies on cultured pigment cells.
FAU - Rzepka, Zuzanna
AU  - Rzepka Z
AD  - Slaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Wydzial Farmaceutyczny z Oddzialem 
      Medycyny Laboratoryjnej w Sosnowcu, Katedra i Zaklad Chemii i Analizy Lekow.
FAU - Buszman, Ewa
AU  - Buszman E
AD  - Slaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Wydzial Farmaceutyczny z Oddzialem 
      Medycyny Laboratoryjnej w Sosnowcu, Katedra i Zaklad Chemii i Analizy Lekow.
FAU - Beberok, Artur
AU  - Beberok A
AD  - Slaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Wydzial Farmaceutyczny z Oddzialem 
      Medycyny Laboratoryjnej w Sosnowcu, Katedra i Zaklad Chemii i Analizy Lekow.
FAU - Wrzesniok, Dorota
AU  - Wrzesniok D
AD  - Slaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Wydzial Farmaceutyczny z Oddzialem 
      Medycyny Laboratoryjnej w Sosnowcu, Katedra i Zaklad Chemii i Analizy Lekow.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160630
PL  - Poland
TA  - Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online)
JT  - Postepy higieny i medycyny doswiadczalnej (Online)
JID - 101206517
RN  - 0 (Benzoquinones)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Hormones)
RN  - 0 (Indolequinones)
RN  - 0 (Indoles)
RN  - 0 (Melanins)
RN  - 0 (pheomelanin)
RN  - 12627-86-0 (eumelanin)
RN  - 3571-34-4 (dopachrome)
RN  - 42HK56048U (Tyrosine)
RN  - 4790-08-3 (5,6-dihydroxy-2-indolylcarboxylic acid)
RN  - 63-84-3 (Dihydroxyphenylalanine)
RN  - 8F09Y50AX6 (dopaquinone)
RN  - EC 1.14.18.1 (Monophenol Monooxygenase)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Benzoquinones/metabolism
MH  - Cytokines
MH  - Dihydroxyphenylalanine/analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/metabolism
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
MH  - Hormones
MH  - Humans
MH  - Indolequinones/biosynthesis/metabolism
MH  - Indoles/metabolism
MH  - Melanins/*biosynthesis
MH  - Melanosomes/*metabolism
MH  - Monophenol Monooxygenase/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - *Signal Transduction
MH  - Tyrosine/*metabolism
MH  - Ultraviolet Rays
EDAT- 2016/07/01 06:00
MHDA- 2017/07/29 06:00
CRDT- 2016/07/01 06:00
PHST- 2016/07/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/07/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/07/29 06:00 [medline]
AID - 1208033 [pii]
AID - 10.5604/17322693.1208033 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2016 Jun 30;70(0):695-708. doi: 
      10.5604/17322693.1208033.