PMID- 27418520
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180216
LR  - 20180216
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 571
DP  - 2016 Nov 15
TI  - Global assessment of heat wave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for 
      the river discharge of the Alps.
PG  - 1330-9
LID - S0048-9697(16)31451-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008 [doi]
AB  - Heat waves represent one of the most significant climatic stressors for 
      ecosystems, economies and societies. A main topic of debate is whether they have 
      increased or not in intensity and/or their duration due to the observed climate 
      change. Firstly, this is because of the lack of reliable long-term daily 
      temperature data at the global scale; secondly, because of the intermittent 
      nature of such phenomena. Long datasets are required to produce a reliable and 
      meaningful assessment. In this study, we provide a global estimate of heat wave 
      magnitudes based on the three most appropriate datasets currently available, 
      derived from models and observations (i.e. the 20th Century Reanalyses from NOAA 
      and ECMWF), spanning the last century and before. The magnitude of the heat waves 
      is calculated by means of the Heat Wave Magnitude Index daily (HWMId), taking 
      into account both duration and amplitude. We compare the magnitude of the most 
      severe heat waves occurred across different regions of the world and we discuss 
      the decadal variability of the larger events since the 1850s. We concentrate our 
      analysis from 1901 onwards, where all datasets overlap. Our results agree with 
      other studies focusing on heat waves that have occurred in the recent decades, 
      but using different data. In addition, we found that the percentage of global 
      area covered by heat wave exceeding a given magnitude has increased almost three 
      times, in the last decades, with respect to that measured in the early 20th 
      century. Finally, we discuss the specific implications of the heat waves on the 
      river runoff generated in the Alps, for which comparatively long datasets exist, 
      affecting the water quality and availability in a significant portion of the 
      European region in summer.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Zampieri, Matteo
AU  - Zampieri M
AD  - Euro Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Bologna University, Bologna, 
      Italy. Electronic address: matteo.v.zampieri@gmail.com.
FAU - Russo, Simone
AU  - Russo S
AD  - Joint Research Center (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Electronic address: 
      simone.russo@jrc.ec.europa.eu.
FAU - di Sabatino, Silvana
AU  - di Sabatino S
AD  - Bologna University, Italy. Electronic address: silvana.disabatino@unibo.it.
FAU - Michetti, Melania
AU  - Michetti M
AD  - CMCC, Italy. Electronic address: melania.michetti@cmcc.it.
FAU - Scoccimarro, Enrico
AU  - Scoccimarro E
AD  - CMCC, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), Bologna, Italy. 
      Electronic address: enrico.scoccimarro@ingv.it.
FAU - Gualdi, Silvio
AU  - Gualdi S
AD  - CMCC, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), Bologna, Italy. 
      Electronic address: silviogualdi@ingv.it.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160711
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 20th century reanalysis
OT  - Alps
OT  - Heat waves
OT  - River discharge
OT  - Water resources
EDAT- 2016/07/16 06:00
MHDA- 2016/07/16 06:01
CRDT- 2016/07/16 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/07/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/07/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/07/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/07/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/07/16 06:01 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(16)31451-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Nov 15;571:1330-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008. 
      Epub 2016 Jul 11.