PMID- 27438348
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170307
LR  - 20231112
IS  - 1432-0738 (Electronic)
IS  - 0340-5761 (Print)
IS  - 0340-5761 (Linking)
VI  - 91
IP  - 1
DP  - 2017 Jan
TI  - WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and 
      benefit-risk evaluation of breastfeeding.
PG  - 83-96
LID - 10.1007/s00204-016-1802-z [doi]
AB  - Since 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) carried out global surveys on 
      polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) 
      and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk. This study presents a review 
      of the three most recent surveys from 2000 to 2010, including DDT. The objective 
      was to identify global quantitative differences and provide baseline information 
      for 52 countries or provide time-trends for countries with previous data. 
      Individual human milk samples were collected following a WHO-designed procedure 
      and combined to form a national pooled sample. Here, we report global levels for 
      PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and the sum of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, 
      o,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDD (SigmaDDTs). A concise risk-benefit evaluation related to human 
      milk contamination with these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was also done. 
      Large global and regional differences were observed. Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs 
      were highest in India and some European and African countries. PCB levels were 
      highest in East and West Europe. The highest levels of SigmaDDTs were found in less 
      industrialized countries. A temporal downward trend for PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs is 
      indicated. A risk-benefit assessment indicates that human milk levels of PCDDs, 
      PCDFs and PCBs are still significantly above those considered toxicologically 
      safe, while SigmaDDTs are below or around those considered safe. With respect to 
      potential adverse health effects, a more dominant role of in utero exposure 
      versus lactational exposure is indicated. If potential adverse effects are 
      balanced against positive health aspects for (breastfed) infants, the advantages 
      of breastfeeding far outweigh the possible disadvantages. Our observations 
      provide a strong argument to plea for further global source-directed measures to 
      reduce human exposure further to dioxin-like compounds.
FAU - van den Berg, Martin
AU  - van den Berg M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6239-6301
AD  - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 
      80177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.vandenberg@uu.nl.
FAU - Kypke, Karin
AU  - Kypke K
AD  - WHO/UNEP Reference Laboratory, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary 
      Analysis of Food (CVUA), Bissierstrasse 5, 79114, Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Kotz, Alexander
AU  - Kotz A
AD  - WHO/UNEP Reference Laboratory, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary 
      Analysis of Food (CVUA), Bissierstrasse 5, 79114, Freiburg, Germany.
FAU - Tritscher, Angelika
AU  - Tritscher A
AD  - Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Ave Appia 20, 
      1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
FAU - Lee, Seoung Yong
AU  - Lee SY
AD  - Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Ave Appia 20, 
      1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
FAU - Magulova, Katarina
AU  - Magulova K
AD  - Stockholm Convention Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 
      International Environment House, 1219, Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland.
FAU - Fiedler, Heidelore
AU  - Fiedler H
AD  - Division of Technology, Industry and Economics/Chemical Branch, United Nations 
      Environment Programme (UNEP), Chemin des Anemones 11-13, 1219, Chatelaine, 
      Geneva, Switzerland.
FAU - Malisch, Rainer
AU  - Malisch R
AD  - WHO/UNEP Reference Laboratory, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary 
      Analysis of Food (CVUA), Bissierstrasse 5, 79114, Freiburg, Germany.
LA  - eng
GR  - 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160720
PL  - Germany
TA  - Arch Toxicol
JT  - Archives of toxicology
JID - 0417615
RN  - 0 (Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Dioxins)
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
RN  - 0 (Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins)
RN  - CIW5S16655 (DDT)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
CIN - Arch Toxicol. 2017 Jul;91(7):2703-2704. PMID: 28315924
MH  - Biotransformation
MH  - Breast Feeding/*adverse effects
MH  - DDT/analysis/metabolism/toxicity
MH  - Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated/analysis/metabolism/toxicity
MH  - Dioxins/*analysis/metabolism/toxicity
MH  - Environmental Health/*methods/trends
MH  - *Food Contamination
MH  - *Global Health
MH  - Health Surveys
MH  - Humans
MH  - Milk, Human/*chemistry
MH  - Pesticide Residues/*analysis/metabolism/toxicity
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis/metabolism/toxicity
MH  - Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/analysis/metabolism/toxicity
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - United Nations
MH  - World Health Organization
PMC - PMC5225187
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Benefit-risk
OT  - Breastfeeding
OT  - DDT
OT  - Dioxins
OT  - Human milk
OT  - PCBs
EDAT- 2016/07/21 06:00
MHDA- 2017/03/08 06:00
PMCR- 2016/07/20
CRDT- 2016/07/21 06:00
PHST- 2016/06/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/07/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/07/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/03/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/07/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/07/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1007/s00204-016-1802-z [pii]
AID - 1802 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00204-016-1802-z [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Arch Toxicol. 2017 Jan;91(1):83-96. doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1802-z. Epub 2016 Jul 
      20.