PMID- 27450319
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20171219
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1873-4758 (Electronic)
IS  - 0955-3959 (Linking)
VI  - 34
DP  - 2016 Aug
TI  - A comparison between wastewater-based drug data and an illicit drug use survey in 
      a selected community.
PG  - 20-6
LID - S0955-3959(16)30095-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.003 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Estimations of drug use are mostly based on population surveys that 
      can suffer from response biases. The current study evaluates using 
      wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for assessing illicit drug use by comparing 
      wastewater data with that from a population survey. METHODS: Introductory letters 
      (29,083) were sent to inhabitants of Lier, Belgium, asking them to participate in 
      an online survey study. Participants were asked to indicate their drug use in the 
      past week for a 12-week period (September-November 2014). Concomitant wastewater 
      samples were collected from the associated wastewater treatment plant in four 
      bi-weekly periods. Samples were analyzed using solid-phase extraction and liquid 
      chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS: On 
      average, 263 (1%) inhabitants filled out the questionnaire each week. According 
      to the survey results, cannabis was the most used drug, followed by amphetamine, 
      cocaine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Wastewater data corroborated 
      these results. Cocaine, amphetamine and MDMA showed a significant difference 
      between days of the week. The four sampling periods differed significantly from 
      each other for cocaine, amphetamine and methadone. CONCLUSION: Observed drug 
      consumption patterns from survey and wastewater data match national and 
      international data. Wastewater analyses confirm that WBE can be reliably used to 
      confirm patterns and trends in drug use. Future studies should focus on 
      identifying the most opportune sampling period giving the most reliable estimates 
      of drug use and use smaller, contained communities such as festivals or prisons 
      if methodology allows.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - van Wel, J H P
AU  - van Wel JH
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Kinyua, J
AU  - Kinyua J
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - van Nuijs, A L N
AU  - van Nuijs AL
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Salvatore, S
AU  - Salvatore S
AD  - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Bramness, J G
AU  - Bramness JG
AD  - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Covaci, A
AU  - Covaci A
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      University of Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Van Hal, G
AU  - Van Hal G
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: 
      guido.vanhal@uantwerpen.be.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20160414
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Int J Drug Policy
JT  - The International journal on drug policy
JID - 9014759
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Belgium/epidemiology
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Solid Phase Extraction
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Drug use
OT  - Epidemiology
OT  - Survey
OT  - Wastewater
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2016/07/28 06:00
MHDA- 2017/12/20 06:00
CRDT- 2016/07/25 06:00
PHST- 2015/07/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/11/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/04/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/07/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/07/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/12/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0955-3959(16)30095-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Drug Policy. 2016 Aug;34:20-6. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.003. Epub 2016 
      Apr 14.