PMID- 27515931
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170310
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1556-2891 (Electronic)
IS  - 1547-769X (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 4
DP  - 2016 Dec
TI  - The use of nails as an alternative matrix for the long-term detection of previous 
      drug intake: validation of sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS methods for the quantification 
      of 76 substances and comparison of analytical results for drugs in nail and hair 
      samples.
PG  - 416-434
AB  - PURPOSE: This article describes the validation of multi-target methods for the 
      determination of 76 different analytes in hair and nail samples. Segmented hair 
      and nail samples taken from autopsy cases were included in this study. METHOD: 
      Drugs of abuse, psychotropic drugs, and other drugs were included for the 
      validation of this method. Hair and nail samples were ground using a ball mill 
      and extracted for 18 h. Extracts were measured using a UHPLC-triple 
      quadrupole-mass analyzer. Analytes were separated on a RP 18 column under 
      gradient elution of the mobile phases, water with 0.1 % formic acid and 
      acetonitrile. Whole nail and hair samples from seven autopsy cases were split 
      into segments and analyzed. RESULTS: The entire method was validated according to 
      the German Society of Forensic Toxicology guidelines. In addition, the 
      concentration ratios of selected substances and their metabolites were 
      calculated. Similar concentration ratios in hair and nails were detected for 
      3,4-methylendioxyamphetamine (MDA)/3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 
      2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP)/methadone, and 
      bisnortilidine/nortilidine in some of the cases. Reduced 6-monoacetylmorphine 
      (6-MAM) and cocaine concentrations were observed as a result of sample 
      preparation using the ball mill. Previous heroin intake could be assumed from the 
      detection of 6-MAM and morphine in only one nail segment in one case. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Nail samples may serve as an alternative matrix for the detection of 
      long-term consumption of a wide range of drugs. Based on our results, drug 
      concentrations in nails are not comparable to those in hair. The main mechanisms 
      for drug incorporation into the nails may be during the formation of the nail 
      plate by the germinal matrix. However, external contamination can also affect the 
      analysis of nail clippings.
FAU - Krumbiegel, Franziska
AU  - Krumbiegel F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2024-8084
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite - University Medicine 
      Berlin, Turmstrasse 21 Haus N, 10559, Berlin, Germany. 
      franziska.krumbiegel@charite.de.
AD  - Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitat Berlin, 
      Berlin, Germany. franziska.krumbiegel@charite.de.
FAU - Hastedt, Martin
AU  - Hastedt M
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite - University Medicine 
      Berlin, Turmstrasse 21 Haus N, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Westendorf, Lena
AU  - Westendorf L
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite - University Medicine 
      Berlin, Turmstrasse 21 Haus N, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Niebel, Andre
AU  - Niebel A
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite - University Medicine 
      Berlin, Turmstrasse 21 Haus N, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Methling, Maximilian
AU  - Methling M
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite - University Medicine 
      Berlin, Turmstrasse 21 Haus N, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Parr, Maria Kristina
AU  - Parr MK
AD  - Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitat Berlin, 
      Berlin, Germany.
FAU - Tsokos, Michael
AU  - Tsokos M
AD  - Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite - University Medicine 
      Berlin, Turmstrasse 21 Haus N, 10559, Berlin, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Validation Study
DEP - 20160811
PL  - United States
TA  - Forensic Sci Med Pathol
JT  - Forensic science, medicine, and pathology
JID - 101236111
RN  - 0 (Narcotics)
RN  - 0 (Pharmaceutical Preparations)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Aged, 80 and over
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Female
MH  - Forensic Toxicology
MH  - Hair/chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Nails/*chemistry
MH  - Narcotics/*analysis
MH  - Pharmaceutical Preparations/*analysis
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Drugs of abuse
OT  - Hair analysis
OT  - Nail analysis
OT  - Postmortem samples
OT  - Psychotropic drugs
OT  - Segmental analysis
EDAT- 2016/08/16 06:00
MHDA- 2017/03/11 06:00
CRDT- 2016/08/13 06:00
PHST- 2016/07/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/08/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/03/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/08/13 06:00 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s12024-016-9801-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s12024-016-9801-1 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2016 Dec;12(4):416-434. doi: 10.1007/s12024-016-9801-1. 
      Epub 2016 Aug 11.