PMID- 27552041
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170113
LR  - 20210109
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 218
DP  - 2016 Nov
TI  - PM(2.5) pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China.
PG  - 86-94
LID - S0269-7491(16)30749-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.027 [doi]
AB  - Urban air quality in China has been declining substantially in recent years due 
      to severe haze episodes. The reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and nitrogen 
      oxide (NO(x)) emissions since 2013 does not yet appear to yield substantial 
      benefits for haze mitigation. As the reductions of those key precursors to 
      secondary aerosol formation appears not to sufficient, other crucial factors need 
      to be considered for the design of effective air pollution control strategies. 
      Here we argue that ammonia (NH(3)) plays a - so far - underestimated role in the 
      formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, a main component of urban fine 
      particulate matter (PM(2.5)) concentrations in China. By analyzing in situ 
      concentration data observed in major cities alongside gridded emission data 
      obtained from remote sensing and inventories, we find that emissions of NH(3) 
      have a more robust association with the spatiotemporal variation of PM(2.5) 
      levels than emissions of SO(2) and NO(x). As a consequence, we argue that urban 
      PM(2.5) pollution in China in many locations is substantially affected by NH(3) 
      emissions. We highlight that more efforts should be directed to the reduction of 
      NH(3) emissions that help mitigate PM(2.5) pollution more efficiently than other 
      PM(2.5) precursors. Such efforts will yield substantial co-benefits by improving 
      nitrogen use efficiency in farming systems. As a consequence, such integrated 
      strategies would not only improve urban air quality, but also contribute to 
      China's food-security goals, prevent further biodiversity loss, reduce greenhouse 
      gas emissions and lead to economic savings.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Wu, Yiyun
AU  - Wu Y
AD  - Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
FAU - Gu, Baojing
AU  - Gu B
AD  - Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; 
      Department of Land Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China. 
      Electronic address: bjgu@zju.edu.cn.
FAU - Erisman, Jan Willem
AU  - Erisman JW
AD  - Louis Bolk Institute, Hoofdstraat 24, 3972 LA, Driebergen, The Netherlands; VU 
      Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1091, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Reis, Stefan
AU  - Reis S
AD  - NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, 
      United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Truro, TR1 
      3HD, United Kingdom.
FAU - Fang, Yuanyuan
AU  - Fang Y
AD  - Deparment of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, 94305, 
      CA, USA.
FAU - Lu, Xuehe
AU  - Lu X
AD  - Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and 
      Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, 
      Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
FAU - Zhang, Xiuming
AU  - Zhang X
AD  - Policy Simulation Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; 
      College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
LA  - eng
GR  - BB/N013484/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United 
      Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160820
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Aerosols)
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Nitrogen Oxides)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 0 (Smog)
RN  - 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds)
RN  - 0UZA3422Q4 (Sulfur Dioxide)
RN  - 66H7ZZK23N (Ozone)
RN  - 7664-41-7 (Ammonia)
SB  - IM
MH  - Aerosols/analysis
MH  - Air Pollutants/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Air Pollution/*analysis
MH  - Ammonia/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - China
MH  - *Cities
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Environmental Pollution
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nitrogen Oxides/analysis
MH  - Ozone
MH  - Particle Size
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis
MH  - Smog/*analysis
MH  - Sulfur Dioxide/analysis
MH  - Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis/chemistry
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Air pollution
OT  - Ammonia emissions
OT  - Food security
OT  - Haze formation
OT  - Nitrogen
OT  - Panel model
EDAT- 2016/08/24 06:00
MHDA- 2017/01/14 06:00
CRDT- 2016/08/24 06:00
PHST- 2016/06/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/08/08 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/08/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/08/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/01/14 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/08/24 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0269-7491(16)30749-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.027 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2016 Nov;218:86-94. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.027. Epub 2016 
      Aug 20.