PMID- 27606818
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170804
LR  - 20190212
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 9
DP  - 2016
TI  - Enriched Housing Reduces Disease Susceptibility to Co-Infection with Porcine 
      Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 
      (A. pleuropneumoniae) in Young Pigs.
PG  - e0161832
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0161832 [doi]
LID - e0161832
AB  - Until today, anti-microbial drugs have been the therapy of choice to combat 
      bacterial diseases. Resistance against antibiotics is of growing concern in man 
      and animals. Stress, caused by demanding environmental conditions, can reduce 
      immune protection in the host, influencing the onset and outcome of infectious 
      diseases. Therefore psychoneuro-immunological intervention may prove to be a 
      successful approach to diminish the impact of diseases and antibiotics use. This 
      study was designed to investigate the effect of social and environmental 
      enrichment on the impact of disease, referred to as "disease susceptibility", in 
      pigs using a co-infection model of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae. Twenty-eight 
      pigs were raised in four pens under barren conditions and twenty-eight other pigs 
      were raised in four pens under enriched conditions. In the enriched pens a 
      combination of established social and environmental enrichment factors were 
      introduced. Two pens of the barren (BH) and two pens of the enriched housed (EH) 
      pigs were infected with PRRSV followed by A. pleuropneumoniae, the other two pens 
      in each housing treatment served as control groups. We tested if differences in 
      disease susceptibility in terms of pathological and clinical outcome were related 
      to the different housing regimes and if this was reflected in differences in 
      behavioural and immunological states of the animals. Enriched housed pigs showed 
      a faster clearance of viral PRRSV RNA in blood serum (p = 0.014) and 
      histologically 2.8 fold less interstitial pneumonia signs in the lungs (p = 
      0.014). More barren housed than enriched housed pigs developed lesions in the 
      lungs (OR = 19.2, p = 0.048) and the lesions in the barren housed pigs showed a 
      higher total pathologic tissue damage score (p<0.001) than those in enriched 
      housed pigs. EH pigs showed less stress-related behaviour and differed 
      immunologically and clinically from BH pigs. We conclude that enriched housing 
      management reduces disease susceptibility to co-infection of PRRSV and A. 
      pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Enrichment positively influences behavioural state, 
      immunological response and clinical outcome in pigs.
FAU - van Dixhoorn, Ingrid D E
AU  - van Dixhoorn ID
AD  - Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Reimert, Inonge
AU  - Reimert I
AD  - Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 
      Wageningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Middelkoop, Jenny
AU  - Middelkoop J
AD  - Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 
      Wageningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Bolhuis, J Elizabeth
AU  - Bolhuis JE
AD  - Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 
      Wageningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Wisselink, Henk J
AU  - Wisselink HJ
AD  - Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 
      Lelystad, the Netherlands.
FAU - Groot Koerkamp, Peter W G
AU  - Groot Koerkamp PW
AD  - Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Kemp, Bas
AU  - Kemp B
AD  - Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 
      Wageningen, the Netherlands.
FAU - Stockhofe-Zurwieden, Norbert
AU  - Stockhofe-Zurwieden N
AD  - Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 
      Lelystad, the Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160908
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Antibodies)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Actinobacillus Infections/blood/complications/virology
MH  - Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/*physiology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antibodies/metabolism
MH  - Behavior, Animal
MH  - Biomarkers/metabolism
MH  - Body Temperature
MH  - Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
MH  - Coinfection/blood/*microbiology/*virology
MH  - Disease Susceptibility
MH  - Female
MH  - Flow Cytometry
MH  - *Housing, Animal
MH  - Leukocyte Count
MH  - Lung/microbiology/pathology/virology
MH  - Male
MH  - Phenotype
MH  - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/blood/virology
MH  - Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*physiology
MH  - RNA, Viral/blood
MH  - Skin/microbiology/pathology/virology
MH  - Sus scrofa
MH  - Swine
MH  - Swine Diseases/*microbiology/*virology
PMC - PMC5015855
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2016/09/09 06:00
MHDA- 2017/08/05 06:00
PMCR- 2016/09/08
CRDT- 2016/09/09 06:00
PHST- 2015/12/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/08/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/09/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/09/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/08/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/09/08 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-15-54270 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0161832 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2016 Sep 8;11(9):e0161832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161832. 
      eCollection 2016.