PMID- 27662785
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180207
LR  - 20180207
IS  - 2214-5532 (Electronic)
IS  - 2214-5524 (Linking)
VI  - 10
DP  - 2016 Aug
TI  - Charged particle spectra measured during the transit to Mars with the Mars 
      Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector (MSL/RAD).
PG  - 29-37
LID - S2214-5524(16)30005-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.07.001 [doi]
AB  - The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) started its 253-day cruise to Mars on November 
      26, 2011. During cruise the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), situated on 
      board the Curiosity rover, conducted measurements of the energetic-particle 
      radiation environment inside the spacecraft. This environment consists mainly of 
      galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), as well as secondary particles created by 
      interactions of these GCRs with the spacecraft. The RAD measurements can serve as 
      a proxy for the radiation environment a human crew would encounter during a 
      transit to Mars, for a given part of the solar cycle, assuming that a crewed 
      vehicle would have comparable shielding. The measurements of radiological 
      quantities made by RAD are important in themselves, and, the same data set allow 
      for detailed analysis of GCR-induced particle spectra inside the spacecraft. This 
      provides important inputs for the evaluation of current transport models used to 
      model the free-space (and spacecraft) radiation environment for different 
      spacecraft shielding and different times in the solar cycle. Changes in these 
      conditions can lead to significantly different radiation fields and, thus, 
      potential health risks, emphasizing the need for validated transport codes. Here, 
      we present the first measurements of charged particle fluxes inside a spacecraft 
      during the transit from Earth to Mars. Using data obtained during the last two 
      month of the cruise to Mars (June 11-July 14, 2012), we have derived detailed 
      energy spectra for low-Z particles stopping in the instrument's detectors, as 
      well as integral fluxes for penetrating particles with higher energies. 
      Furthermore, we analyze the temporal changes in measured proton fluxes during 
      quiet solar periods (i.e., when no solar energetic particle events occurred) over 
      the duration of the transit (December 9, 2011-July 14, 2012) and correlate them 
      with changing heliospheric conditions.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). All rights reserved.
FAU - Ehresmann, Bent
AU  - Ehresmann B
AD  - Southwest Research Institute, Space Science and Engineering Division, 1050 Walnut 
      Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO, USA. Electronic address: 
      ehresmann@boulder.swri.edu.
FAU - Hassler, Donald M
AU  - Hassler DM
AD  - Southwest Research Institute, Space Science and Engineering Division, 1050 Walnut 
      Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO, USA.
FAU - Zeitlin, Cary
AU  - Zeitlin C
AD  - Southwest Research Institute, Earth, Oceans, & Space Department, Durham, NH, USA.
FAU - Guo, Jingnan
AU  - Guo J
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Kohler, Jan
AU  - Kohler J
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F
AU  - Wimmer-Schweingruber RF
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Appel, Jan K
AU  - Appel JK
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Brinza, David E
AU  - Brinza DE
AD  - Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
FAU - Rafkin, Scot C R
AU  - Rafkin SC
AD  - Southwest Research Institute, Space Science and Engineering Division, 1050 Walnut 
      Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO, USA.
FAU - Bottcher, Stephan I
AU  - Bottcher SI
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Burmeister, Sonke
AU  - Burmeister S
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Lohf, Henning
AU  - Lohf H
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Martin, Cesar
AU  - Martin C
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Bohm, Eckart
AU  - Bohm E
AD  - Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
FAU - Matthia, Daniel
AU  - Matthia D
AD  - Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt, Cologne, Germany.
FAU - Reitz, Gunther
AU  - Reitz G
AD  - Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt, Cologne, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160716
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Life Sci Space Res (Amst)
JT  - Life sciences in space research
JID - 101632373
SB  - IM
MH  - Astronauts
MH  - *Cosmic Radiation
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Mars
MH  - Occupational Exposure/*analysis
MH  - *Radiation Monitoring
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - *Spacecraft
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GCR
OT  - MSL
OT  - RAD
OT  - Radiation
OT  - Transit Earth-Mars
EDAT- 2016/09/25 06:00
MHDA- 2018/02/08 06:00
CRDT- 2016/09/25 06:00
PHST- 2016/02/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/07/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/07/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/09/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/09/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/02/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - S2214-5524(16)30005-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.07.001 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2016 Aug;10:29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.07.001. 
      Epub 2016 Jul 16.