PMID- 27692373
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180104
LR  - 20180104
IS  - 1873-4324 (Electronic)
IS  - 0003-2670 (Linking)
VI  - 941
DP  - 2016 Oct 19
TI  - A review of the determination of persistent organic pollutants for environmental 
      forensics investigations.
PG  - 10-25
LID - S0003-2670(16)30970-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027 [doi]
AB  - The field of environmental forensics emerged in the 1980s as a consequence of 
      legislative frameworks enacted to enable parties, either states or individuals, 
      to seek compensation with regard to contamination or injury due to damage to the 
      environment. This legal environment requires stringent record keeping and 
      defendable data therefore analysis can sometimes be confined to data to be 
      obtained from certified laboratories using a standard accredited analytical 
      method. Many of these methods were developed to target specific compounds for 
      risk assessment purposes and not for environmental forensics applications such as 
      source identification or age dating which often require larger data sets. The 
      determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for environmental forensic 
      applications requires methods that are selective but also cover a wide range of 
      target analytes which can be identified and quantified without bias. POPs are 
      used in a wide variety of applications such as flame retardants, fire 
      suppressants, heat transfer agents, surfactants and pesticides mainly because of 
      their chemical inertness and stability. They also include compounds such as 
      dioxins that can be unintentionally produced from industrial activities. POPs are 
      persistent in the environment, bioaccumulative and/or toxic and therefore require 
      analytical methods that are sensitive enough to meet the low detection limits 
      needed for the protection of the environment and human health. A variety of 
      techniques, procedures and instruments can be used which are well suited for 
      different scenarios. Optimised methods are important to ensure that analytes are 
      quantitatively extracted, matrix coextractables and interferences are removed and 
      instruments are used most effectively and efficiently. This can require deviation 
      from standard methods which can open the data up to further scrutiny in the 
      courtroom. However, when argued effectively and strict QA/QC procedures are 
      followed the development and optimization of methods based on investigation 
      specific scenarios has the potential to generate better quality and more useful 
      data.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Megson, David
AU  - Megson D
AD  - University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of 
      Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
FAU - Reiner, Eric J
AU  - Reiner EJ
AD  - University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ontario 
      Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, 
      Toronto, ON, M9P3V6, Canada.
FAU - Jobst, Karl J
AU  - Jobst KJ
AD  - Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services 
      Branch, Toronto, ON, M9P3V6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical 
      Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M1, Canada.
FAU - Dorman, Frank L
AU  - Dorman FL
AD  - Penn State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Forensic Science 
      Program, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
FAU - Robson, Mathew
AU  - Robson M
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St Catharine's, ON, Canada.
FAU - Focant, Jean-Francois
AU  - Focant JF
AD  - University of Liege Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry, B6c, B-4000, 
      Liege, Belgium.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160821
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Anal Chim Acta
JT  - Analytica chimica acta
JID - 0370534
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Analysis
OT  - Environment
OT  - Environmental forensics
OT  - Persistent organic pollutants
EDAT- 2016/10/04 06:00
MHDA- 2016/10/04 06:01
CRDT- 2016/10/04 06:00
PHST- 2015/12/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/08/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/08/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:01 [medline]
AID - S0003-2670(16)30970-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Anal Chim Acta. 2016 Oct 19;941:10-25. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.027. Epub 2016 
      Aug 21.