PMID- 27693156
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20180321
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 573
DP  - 2016 Dec 15
TI  - Refining correction factors for back-calculation of illicit drug use.
PG  - 1648-1659
LID - S0048-9697(16)32109-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.179 [doi]
AB  - The estimation of illicit drugs use through wastewater analysis has become an 
      important issue in the last few years due to their large worldwide consumption, 
      which results in economic, social and health costs. The amounts of urinary 
      biomarkers of illicit drugs (selected drugs or their metabolites) measured in 
      wastewater are used to back-calculate the consumption of a particular drug by the 
      population and to monitor temporal and spatial trends of illicit drug use in a 
      community. The reliability of back-calculation depends on different factors, one 
      being the accuracy of correction factors. A wide range of correction factors have 
      been used in different studies and some biases must be expected when comparing 
      results. Most of the correction factors were developed several years ago, so they 
      need to be updated to include the latest information on pharmacokinetics. 
      Moreover, new comprehensive methods to treat data should be adopted. The goal of 
      this study is to refine current correction factors for back-calculation of the 
      most widely used illicit drugs: amphetamine, methamphetamine, 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The mean 
      percentages of excretion of the parent drugs and their metabolites were 
      calculated for each route of administration, utilizing all accessible 
      pharmacokinetic studies in the literature. This allowed to select the most 
      suitable drug target residue and a refined correction factor was obtained for 
      each substance considering the most frequent route of administration. The refined 
      correction factors we propose can be used in wastewater based epidemiology to 
      standardize the back-calculation of these drugs. These results can be included in 
      the best practice protocol currently adopted in EU studies in order to reduce 
      uncertainty and improve the comparability of results.
CI  - Copyright A(c) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gracia-Lor, Emma
AU  - Gracia-Lor E
AD  - IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of 
      Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: 
      emma.gracialor@marionegri.it.
FAU - Zuccato, Ettore
AU  - Zuccato E
AD  - IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of 
      Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy.
FAU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU  - Castiglioni S
AD  - IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of 
      Environmental Health Sciences, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: 
      sara.castiglioni@marionegri.it.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20160930
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 7J8897W37S (Dronabinol)
RN  - CK833KGX7E (Amphetamine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamine/analysis
MH  - Dronabinol/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/*analysis
MH  - Methamphetamine/analysis
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/analysis
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection/*methods
MH  - Wastewater/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
OT  - Amphetamine
OT  - Back-calculation
OT  - Correction factors
OT  - Methamphetamine
OT  - Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
EDAT- 2016/10/04 06:00
MHDA- 2018/03/22 06:00
CRDT- 2016/10/04 06:00
PHST- 2016/03/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/09/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/09/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2018/03/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(16)32109-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.179 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2016 Dec 15;573:1648-1659. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.179. Epub 2016 Sep 30.