PMID- 27695530
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240325
IS  - 1756-2872 (Print)
IS  - 1756-2880 (Electronic)
IS  - 1756-2872 (Linking)
VI  - 8
IP  - 5
DP  - 2016 Oct
TI  - Nivolumab in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical trial 
      evidence and experience.
PG  - 319-326
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered an immunogenic tumor with a prominent 
      dysfunctional immune cell infiltrate, unable to control tumor growth. 
      Cytokine-based immunotherapies, including interferon-alpha and interleukin-2, have 
      been used for the treatment of metastatic RCC (mRCC). Long-term responses and 
      complete remissions were observed, but durable clinical benefit efficacy in the 
      overall population was limited and associated with significant toxicity. As a 
      consequence, new generation agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth 
      factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways replaced 
      interferon alpha (IFN-alpha). Strategies of tumor immune evasion include T-cell 
      suppression by negative signals deriving from the interaction between programmed 
      death-1 (PD-1) on the T cell and its ligand (PDL-1) on the tumor cells. 
      Nivolumab, a programmed death 1 checkpoint inhibitor, blocks this pathway, thus 
      reversing T-cell suppression and activating antitumor responses. The aim of this 
      review is to summarize the safety and efficacy data of nivolumab in mRCC. 
      Objective responses and safety profile of single-agent nivolumab are favorable in 
      both previously treated and treatment-naive mRCC patients. Despite toxic effects, 
      combination therapies with nivolumab have shown promising results, indicating a 
      potential role in the treatment of mRCC. Tailoring immunotherapy on a 
      patient-to-patient basis represents a major challenge for the future.
FAU - Mennitto, Alessia
AU  - Mennitto A
AD  - Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 
      Milan, Italy.
FAU - Grassi, Paolo
AU  - Grassi P
AD  - Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 
      Milan, Italy.
FAU - Ratta, Raffaele
AU  - Ratta R
AD  - Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 
      Milan, Italy.
FAU - Verzoni, Elena
AU  - Verzoni E
AD  - Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 
      Milan, Italy.
FAU - Prisciandaro, Michele
AU  - Prisciandaro M
AD  - Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 
      Milan, Italy.
FAU - Procopio, Giuseppe
AU  - Procopio G
AD  - Medical Oncology Unit 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via 
      Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20160707
PL  - England
TA  - Ther Adv Urol
JT  - Therapeutic advances in urology
JID - 101487328
PMC - PMC5004235
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - immunotherapy
OT  - nivolumab
OT  - programmed death-1
OT  - renal cell carcinoma
COIS- Dr. Giuseppe Procopio reports receiving fees for serving on advisory boards from 
      Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Janssen, Novartis; lecture fees from Astellas 
      and Pfizer. Dr. Elena Verzoni reports receiving fees for serving on advisory 
      boards from Pfizer, Jannsen and Novartis.
EDAT- 2016/10/04 06:00
MHDA- 2016/10/04 06:01
PMCR- 2016/10/01
CRDT- 2016/10/04 06:00
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/10/04 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/10/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1177_1756287216656811 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/1756287216656811 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ther Adv Urol. 2016 Oct;8(5):319-326. doi: 10.1177/1756287216656811. Epub 2016 
      Jul 7.