PMID- 27716139
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170731
LR  - 20231213
IS  - 1471-2458 (Electronic)
IS  - 1471-2458 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 1
DP  - 2016 Oct 1
TI  - Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels 
      in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities.
PG  - 1035
LID - 1035
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monitoring the scale of pharmaceuticals, illicit and licit drugs 
      consumption is important to assess the needs of law enforcement and public 
      health, and provides more information about the different trends within different 
      countries. Community drug use patterns are usually described by national surveys, 
      sales and seizure data. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been shown to be 
      a reliable approach complementing such surveys. METHOD: This study aims to 
      compare and correlate the consumption estimates of pharmaceuticals, illicit 
      drugs, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine from wastewater analysis and other sources 
      of information. Wastewater samples were collected in 2015 from 8 different 
      European cities over a one week period, representing a population of 
      approximately 5 million people. Published pharmaceutical sale, illicit drug 
      seizure and alcohol, tobacco and caffeine use data were used for the comparison. 
      RESULTS: High agreement was found between wastewater and other data sources for 
      pharmaceuticals and cocaine, whereas amphetamines, alcohol and caffeine showed a 
      moderate correlation. methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA) and nicotine did not correlate with other sources of data. Most of the 
      poor correlations were explained as part of the uncertainties related with the 
      use estimates and were improved with other complementary sources of data. 
      CONCLUSIONS: This work confirms the promising future of WBE as a complementary 
      approach to obtain a more accurate picture of substance use situation within 
      different communities. Our findings suggest further improvements to reduce the 
      uncertainties associated with both sources of information in order to make the 
      data more comparable.
FAU - Baz-Lomba, Jose Antonio
AU  - Baz-Lomba JA
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, 
      Norway. Joseantonio.baz@niva.no.
AD  - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 
      PO box 1078, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway. Joseantonio.baz@niva.no.
FAU - Salvatore, Stefania
AU  - Salvatore S
AD  - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 
      PO box 1078, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
FAU - Gracia-Lor, Emma
AU  - Gracia-Lor E
AD  - IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan, 
      20156, Italy.
FAU - Bade, Richard
AU  - Bade R
AD  - Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat 
      s/n, Castellon, E-12071, Spain.
FAU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU  - Castiglioni S
AD  - IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan, 
      20156, Italy.
FAU - Castrignano, Erika
AU  - Castrignano E
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, 
      UK.
FAU - Causanilles, Ana
AU  - Causanilles A
AD  - KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 
      1072, Nieuwegein, 3430 BB, The Netherlands.
FAU - Hernandez, Felix
AU  - Hernandez F
AD  - Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat 
      s/n, Castellon, E-12071, Spain.
FAU - Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara
AU  - Kasprzyk-Hordern B
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, 
      UK.
FAU - Kinyua, Juliet
AU  - Kinyua J
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, 
      University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.
FAU - McCall, Ann-Kathrin
AU  - McCall AK
AD  - Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, 
      CH-8600, Switzerland.
FAU - van Nuijs, Alexander
AU  - van Nuijs A
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, 
      University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.
FAU - Ort, Christoph
AU  - Ort C
AD  - Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, 
      CH-8600, Switzerland.
FAU - Plosz, Benedek G
AU  - Plosz BG
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 
      Miljovej, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
FAU - Ramin, Pedram
AU  - Ramin P
AD  - Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 
      Miljovej, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
FAU - Reid, Malcolm
AU  - Reid M
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, 
      Norway.
FAU - Rousis, Nikolaos I
AU  - Rousis NI
AD  - IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan, 
      20156, Italy.
FAU - Ryu, Yeonsuk
AU  - Ryu Y
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, 
      Norway.
FAU - de Voogt, Pim
AU  - de Voogt P
AD  - KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 
      1072, Nieuwegein, 3430 BB, The Netherlands.
FAU - Bramness, Jorgen
AU  - Bramness J
AD  - Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 
      PO box 1078, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
FAU - Thomas, Kevin
AU  - Thomas K
AD  - Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, 
      Norway.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Evaluation Study
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20161001
PL  - England
TA  - BMC Public Health
JT  - BMC public health
JID - 100968562
RN  - 0 (Amphetamines)
RN  - 0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Pharmaceutical Preparations)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 3G6A5W338E (Caffeine)
RN  - 3K9958V90M (Ethanol)
RN  - 44RAL3456C (Methamphetamine)
RN  - 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine)
RN  - I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
CIN - Nature. 2018 Jul;559(7714):310-311. PMID: 30018440
MH  - Alcohol Drinking
MH  - Amphetamines/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - Beverages
MH  - *Caffeine/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - Cities
MH  - Cocaine/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - Commerce
MH  - *Ethanol/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - Europe
MH  - Humans
MH  - Illicit Drugs/analysis
MH  - Methamphetamine/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - *Nicotine/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - *Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage/analysis
MH  - *Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - Substance-Related Disorders
MH  - Nicotiana/chemistry
MH  - Tobacco Use
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
PMC - PMC5045646
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Drug consumption, Correlation, Europe-wide study, Seizures, Sales statistics
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2016/10/08 06:00
MHDA- 2017/08/02 06:00
PMCR- 2016/10/01
CRDT- 2016/10/08 06:00
PHST- 2016/04/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/09/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/10/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/10/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/08/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/10/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5 [pii]
AID - 3686 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMC Public Health. 2016 Oct 1;16(1):1035. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5.