PMID- 27772565 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20170905 LR - 20221207 IS - 1879-1360 (Electronic) IS - 0022-3999 (Linking) VI - 90 DP - 2016 Nov TI - Validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale in Type 2 diabetes. PG - 91-97 LID - S0022-3999(16)30416-0 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.09.013 [doi] AB - OBJECTIVE: Depressive symptoms are common among people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to validate the 3-factor structure of the 14-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale proposed by Carleton et al. (2013) in a T2DM population. METHODS: The CES-D was administered to consecutive patients with T2DM entering a rehabilitation program. Construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Subscale viability, differential item functioning, and associations with clinical characteristics were tested in bifactor models. RESULTS: Among adults with T2DM (n=305, age 56.9+/-11.1, 44.9% male, duration of diabetes 7.8+/-7.9years, HbA1c 0.076+/-0.014%), the construct validity of Carleton's 3-factor solution (negative affective, positive affective and somatic symptoms) was confirmed, although negative affective and somatic symptoms were highly correlated (r=0.926). The CES-D items can be summed to arrive at a total score (omega(H)=0.869), but not subscale scores (omega(S)>0.7). Differential item functioning was not found based on age or body mass index (BMI), but Item 1 ("I was bothered by things that don't usually bother me") was inflated in women and Item 7 ("I felt that everything I did was an effort") was inflated in those with higher glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The general depression factor decreased with age (beta=-0.247, p<0.001) and increased with BMI (beta=0.102, p=0.041) but not HbA1c (beta=0.065, p=0.461). Negative affective symptoms (beta=0.743, p=0.001), but not other depressive symptoms, were higher in women. CONCLUSIONS: The 14-item CES-D retained construct validity in adults with T2DM. Depressive symptoms were associated with younger age, female gender and BMI, but not with glycemic control. CI - Copyright (c) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FAU - Carter, Jasmine AU - Carter J AD - University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Canada. Electronic address: jasmine.carter@mail.utoronto.ca. FAU - Cogo-Moreira, Hugo AU - Cogo-Moreira H AD - Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Department of Psychiatry, Brazil. Electronic address: hugocogobr@gmail.com. FAU - Herrmann, Nathan AU - Herrmann N AD - University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Canada. Electronic address: nathan.herrmann@sunnybrook.ca. FAU - Merino, Daniel AU - Merino D AD - University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Canada. Electronic address: dmmerino@waterloo.ca. FAU - Yang, Pearl AU - Yang P AD - University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Canada. Electronic address: pearly.yang@gmail.com. FAU - Shah, Baiju R AU - Shah BR AD - University of Toronto, Department of Health Policy, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Canada. Electronic address: baiju.shah@ices.on.ca. FAU - Kiss, Alex AU - Kiss A AD - University of Toronto, Department of Health Policy, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Canada. Electronic address: alex.kiss@ices.on.ca. FAU - Reitav, Jaan AU - Reitav J AD - University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Canada. Electronic address: jaan.reitav@uhn.ca. FAU - Oh, Paul I AU - Oh PI AD - University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Canada. Electronic address: paul.oh@uhn.ca. FAU - Swardfager, Walter AU - Swardfager W AD - University of Toronto, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Centre, Canada; University Health Network Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Canada. Electronic address: w.swardfager@utoronto.ca. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Validation Study DEP - 20161001 PL - England TA - J Psychosom Res JT - Journal of psychosomatic research JID - 0376333 RN - 0 (Blood Glucose) RN - 0 (Glycated Hemoglobin A) SB - IM MH - Adult MH - Aged MH - Blood Glucose/metabolism MH - Depression/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*psychology MH - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*epidemiology/*psychology MH - Emotions MH - Epidemiologic Studies MH - Female MH - Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism MH - Humans MH - Male MH - Middle Aged MH - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*standards MH - Psychometrics MH - Retrospective Studies OTO - NOTNLM OT - Bifactor model OT - Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale OT - Depression OT - Differential item functioning OT - Glycemic control OT - Invariance OT - Type 2 diabetes EDAT- 2016/10/25 06:00 MHDA- 2017/09/07 06:00 CRDT- 2016/10/25 06:00 PHST- 2016/06/10 00:00 [received] PHST- 2016/09/27 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2016/09/30 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2016/10/25 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2017/09/07 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2016/10/25 06:00 [entrez] AID - S0022-3999(16)30416-0 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.09.013 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Psychosom Res. 2016 Nov;90:91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.09.013. Epub 2016 Oct 1.