PMID- 27787813
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170629
LR  - 20181113
IS  - 1559-0720 (Electronic)
IS  - 0163-4984 (Print)
IS  - 0163-4984 (Linking)
VI  - 177
IP  - 2
DP  - 2017 Jun
TI  - The Influence of Fluorine on the Disturbances of Homeostasis in the Central 
      Nervous System.
PG  - 224-234
LID - 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4 [doi]
AB  - Fluorides occur naturally in the environment, the daily exposure of human 
      organism to fluorine mainly depends on the intake of this element with drinking 
      water and it is connected with the geographical region. In some countries, we can 
      observe the endemic fluorosis-the damage of hard and soft tissues caused by the 
      excessive intake of fluorine. Recent studies showed that fluorine is toxic to the 
      central nervous system (CNS). There are several known mechanisms which lead to 
      structural brain damage caused by the excessive intake of fluorine. This element 
      is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and it accumulates in neurons affecting 
      cytological changes, cell activity and ion transport (e.g. chlorine transport). 
      Additionally, fluorine changes the concentration of non-enzymatic advanced 
      glycation end products (AGEs), the metabolism of neurotransmitters (influencing 
      mainly glutamatergic neurotransmission) and the energy metabolism of neurons by 
      the impaired glucose transporter-GLUT1. It can also change activity and lead to 
      dysfunction of important proteins which are part of the respiratory chain. 
      Fluorine also affects oxidative stress, glial activation and inflammation in the 
      CNS which leads to neurodegeneration. All of those changes lead to abnormal cell 
      differentiation and the activation of apoptosis through the changes in the 
      expression of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), glial fibrillary acidic 
      protein (GFAP), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and MAP kinases. 
      Excessive exposure to this element can cause harmful effects such as permanent 
      damage of all brain structures, impaired learning ability, memory dysfunction and 
      behavioural problems. This paper provides an overview of the fluoride 
      neurotoxicity in juveniles and adults.
FAU - Dec, K
AU  - Dec K
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in 
      Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
FAU - Lukomska, A
AU  - Lukomska A
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in 
      Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
FAU - Maciejewska, D
AU  - Maciejewska D
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in 
      Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
FAU - Jakubczyk, K
AU  - Jakubczyk K
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in 
      Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland.
FAU - Baranowska-Bosiacka, I
AU  - Baranowska-Bosiacka I
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow 
      Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland.
FAU - Chlubek, D
AU  - Chlubek D
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow 
      Wlkp. 72 av., 71-111, Szczecin, Poland.
FAU - Wasik, A
AU  - Wasik A
AD  - Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of 
      Neurochemistry, Smetna street 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
FAU - Gutowska, I
AU  - Gutowska I
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in 
      Szczecin, Broniewskiego street 24, 70-406, Szczecin, Poland. gutowska@pum.edu.pl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20161027
PL  - United States
TA  - Biol Trace Elem Res
JT  - Biological trace element research
JID - 7911509
RN  - 284SYP0193 (Fluorine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Apoptosis/drug effects
MH  - Cell Differentiation/drug effects
MH  - Central Nervous System/*drug effects/*pathology
MH  - Fluorine/*adverse effects
MH  - Homeostasis/*drug effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Neurons/drug effects/pathology
PMC - PMC5418325
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Apoptosis
OT  - Brain
OT  - Fluoride
OT  - Neuroinflammation
OT  - Neurotoxicity
OT  - Prenatal exposition
EDAT- 2016/10/28 06:00
MHDA- 2017/07/01 06:00
PMCR- 2016/10/27
CRDT- 2016/10/28 06:00
PHST- 2016/08/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/10/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/10/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/07/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/10/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/10/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4 [pii]
AID - 871 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017 Jun;177(2):224-234. doi: 10.1007/s12011-016-0871-4. 
      Epub 2016 Oct 27.