PMID- 27800245
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20191120
IS  - 2149-8695 (Print)
IS  - 2149-8709 (Electronic)
IS  - 2149-8709 (Linking)
VI  - 45
IP  - 6
DP  - 2015 Dec
TI  - Chemotherapy in Retinoblastoma: Current Approaches.
PG  - 259-267
AB  - Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood malignant intraocular tumor. 
      Although enucleation and external beam radiotherapy have been historically used, 
      today the most commonly used eye-sparing approach is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy 
      can be used in both intraocular and extraocular RB cases. Chemotherapeutic agents 
      may be applied in different ways, including systemic, subconjunctival, 
      intra-arterial and intravitreal routes. The main purposes of application of 
      systemic therapy are to reduce the tumor size for local treatment 
      (chemoreduction), or to reduce the risk of metastasis after enucleation surgery 
      (adjuvant therapy). Intra-arterial chemotherapy with the current name 
      "super-selective intra-arterial infusion therapy" could be applied as primary 
      therapy in tumors confined to the retina or as a secondary method in tumor 
      recurrence. The most important advantage of intra-arterial therapy is the 
      prevention of systemic chemotherapy complications. Intravitreal chemotherapy is 
      administered in the presence of persistent or recurrent vitreous seeding. The 
      term "extraocular RB" includes orbital invasion and metastatic disease. Current 
      treatment for orbital invasion is neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical 
      enucleation and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy after surgery. In 
      metastatic disease, regional lymph node involvement, distant metastases, and/or 
      central nervous system (CNS) involvement may occur. Among them, CNS involvement 
      has the worst prognosis, remaining at almost 100% mortality. In metastatic 
      disease, high-dose salvage chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell 
      rescue therapy are the possible treatment options; radiotherapy could also be 
      added to the protocol according to the side of involvement.
FAU - Yanik, Ozge
AU  - Yanik O
AD  - Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, 
      Turkey.
FAU - Gunduz, Kaan
AU  - Gunduz K
AD  - Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, 
      Turkey.
FAU - Yavuz, Kivilcim
AU  - Yavuz K
AD  - Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Tacyildiz, Nurdan
AU  - Tacyildiz N
AD  - Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Unal, Emel
AU  - Unal E
AD  - Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20151205
PL  - Turkey
TA  - Turk J Ophthalmol
JT  - Turkish journal of ophthalmology
JID - 101686048
PMC - PMC5082265
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Retinoblastoma
OT  - chemoreduction
OT  - intra-arterial chemotherapy
OT  - intravitreal chemotherapy
OT  - subconjunctival chemotherapy
COIS- No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Financial Disclosure: The 
      authors declared that this study received no financial support.
EDAT- 2016/11/02 06:00
MHDA- 2016/11/02 06:01
PMCR- 2015/12/01
CRDT- 2016/11/02 06:00
PHST- 2015/03/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2015/04/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/11/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/11/02 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/11/02 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2015/12/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1738 [pii]
AID - 10.4274/tjo.06888 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Turk J Ophthalmol. 2015 Dec;45(6):259-267. doi: 10.4274/tjo.06888. Epub 2015 Dec 
      5.