PMID- 27825845
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170410
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 220
IP  - Pt B
DP  - 2017 Jan
TI  - Trace element reference intervals in the blood of healthy green sea turtles to 
      evaluate exposure of coastal populations.
PG  - 1465-1476
LID - S0269-7491(16)31994-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.085 [doi]
AB  - Exposure to essential and non-essential elements may be elevated for green sea 
      turtles (Chelonia mydas) that forage close to shore. Biomonitoring of trace 
      elements in turtle blood can identify temporal trends over repeated sampling 
      events, but any interpretation of potential health risks due to an elevated 
      exposure first requires a comparison against a baseline. This study aims to use 
      clinical reference interval (RI) methods to produce exposure baseline limits for 
      essential and non-essential elements (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, 
      Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, and Pb) using blood from healthy subadult turtles 
      foraging in a remote and offshore part of the Great Barrier Reef. Subsequent 
      blood biomonitoring of three additional coastal populations, which forage in 
      areas dominated by agricultural, urban and military activities, showed clear 
      habitat-specific differences in blood metal profiles relative to the those 
      observed in the offshore population. Coastal turtles were most often found to 
      have elevated concentrations of Co, Mo, Mn, Mg, Na, As, Sb, and Pb relative to 
      the corresponding RIs. In particular, blood from turtles from the agricultural 
      site had Co concentrations ranging from 160 to 840 mug/L (4-25 times above RI), 
      which are within the order expected to elicit acute effects in many vertebrates. 
      Additional clinical blood biochemistry and haematology results indicate signs of 
      a systemic disease and the prevalence of an active inflammatory response in a 
      high proportion (44%) of turtles from the agricultural site. Elevated Co, Sb, and 
      Mn in the blood of these turtles significantly correlated with elevated markers 
      of acute inflammation (total white cell counts) and liver dysfunction (alkaline 
      phosphatase and total bilirubin). The results of this study support the notion 
      that elevated trace element exposures may be adversely affecting the health of 
      nearshore green sea turtles.
CI  - Copyright A(c) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Villa, C A
AU  - Villa CA
AD  - The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. 
      Electronic address: c.villa@uq.edu.au.
FAU - Flint, M
AU  - Flint M
AD  - School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, The Florida 
      Aquarium's Center for Conservation, Apollo Beach, FL 33572, USA; Vet-MARTI, 
      School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, QLD 
      4343, Australia.
FAU - Bell, I
AU  - Bell I
AD  - Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Townsville, QLD 
      4810, Australia.
FAU - Hof, C
AU  - Hof C
AD  - WWF-Australia, Level 1, 17 Burnett Lane, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
FAU - Limpus, C J
AU  - Limpus CJ
AD  - Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Brisbane, QLD 4102, 
      Australia.
FAU - Gaus, C
AU  - Gaus C
AD  - The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental 
      Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia. 
      Electronic address: c.gaus@uq.edu.au.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20161105
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Trace Elements)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Biomarkers/blood
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Male
MH  - Reference Values
MH  - Trace Elements/*analysis/toxicity
MH  - Turtles/*blood
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis/toxicity
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Great Barrier Reef
OT  - Marine turtles
OT  - Metals
OT  - Reference intervals
OT  - Trace elements
EDAT- 2016/11/09 06:00
MHDA- 2017/04/11 06:00
CRDT- 2016/11/10 06:00
PHST- 2016/07/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/10/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/10/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/11/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/04/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/11/10 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S0269-7491(16)31994-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.085 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2017 Jan;220(Pt B):1465-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.085. 
      Epub 2016 Nov 5.