PMID- 27902900
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170728
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1938-4351 (Electronic)
IS  - 0005-2086 (Linking)
VI  - 60
IP  - 4
DP  - 2016 Dec
TI  - Sensitivity and Specificity Estimation for the Clinical Diagnosis of Highly 
      Pathogenic Avian Influenza in the Egyptian Participatory Disease Surveillance 
      Program.
PG  - 805-809
AB  - Many developing countries lack sufficient resources to conduct animal disease 
      surveillance. In recent years, participatory epidemiology has been used to 
      increase the cover and decrease the costs of surveillance. However, few 
      diagnostic performance assessments have been carried out on participatory 
      methods. The objective of the present study was to estimate the diagnostic 
      performance of practitioners working for the Community-Based Animal Health and 
      Outreach (CAHO) program, which is a participatory disease surveillance system for 
      the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Egypt. CAHO 
      practitioners' diagnostic assessment of inspected birds was compared with 
      real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) test results 
      at the household level. Diagnostic performance was estimated directly from 
      two-by-two tables using RRT-PCR as a reference test in two different scenarios. 
      In the first scenario, only results from chickens were considered. In the second 
      scenario, results for all poultry species were analyzed. Poultry flocks in 916 
      households located in 717 villages were inspected by CAHO practitioners, who 
      collected 3458 bird samples. In the first scenario, CAHO practitioners presented 
      sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) estimates of 40% (95% confidence interval 
      [CI]: 21%-59%) and 92% (95% CI: 91%-94%), respectively. In the second scenario, 
      diagnostic performance estimates were Se = 47% (95% CI: 29%-65%) and Sp = 88% 
      (95% CI: 86%-90%). A significant difference was observed only between Sp 
      estimates (P < 0.01). Practitioners' diagnostics and RRT-PCR results were in very 
      poor agreement with kappa values of 0.16 and 0.14 for scenarios 1 and 2, 
      respectively. However, the use of a broad case definition, the possible presence 
      of immunity against the virus in replacement birds, and the low prevalence 
      observed during the survey would negatively affect the practitioners' 
      performance.
FAU - Verdugo, C
AU  - Verdugo C
AD  - A Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, 613 
      Independencia, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile.
AD  - B International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, 
      Kenya.
FAU - El Masry, I
AU  - El Masry I
AD  - C Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 11 El Eslah El Zerai 
      Street, 12311 Dokki, Egypt.
FAU - Makonnen, Y
AU  - Makonnen Y
AD  - C Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 11 El Eslah El Zerai 
      Street, 12311 Dokki, Egypt.
FAU - Hannah, H
AU  - Hannah H
AD  - B International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, 
      Kenya.
FAU - Unger, F
AU  - Unger F
AD  - D International Livestock Research Institute, No. 8, Lot 13A, Trung Hoa Street, 
      13001 Hanoi, Vietnam.
FAU - Soliman, M
AU  - Soliman M
AD  - E General Organization for Veterinary Services, Nadi Al Saeed Street., 12311 
      Dokki, Egypt.
FAU - Galal, S
AU  - Galal S
AD  - F National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Nadi 
      El-Seid Street, 12618 Dokki, Egypt.
FAU - Lubroth, J
AU  - Lubroth J
AD  - G Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale Terme di 
      Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
FAU - Grace, D
AU  - Grace D
AD  - B International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, 
      Kenya.
LA  - eng
PT  - Evaluation Study
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Avian Dis
JT  - Avian diseases
JID - 0370617
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Birds/virology
MH  - Chickens
MH  - Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures/*veterinary
MH  - Egypt/epidemiology
MH  - Influenza A virus/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
MH  - Influenza in Birds/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology
MH  - Poultry/virology
MH  - Poultry Diseases/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology
MH  - Sensitivity and Specificity
MH  - Sentinel Surveillance/*veterinary
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Egypt
OT  - avian influenza
OT  - diagnostic performance
OT  - participatory epidemiology
OT  - surveillance
EDAT- 2016/12/03 06:00
MHDA- 2017/07/29 06:00
CRDT- 2016/12/01 06:00
PHST- 2016/12/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/12/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/07/29 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1637/11442-060316-Reg [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Avian Dis. 2016 Dec;60(4):805-809. doi: 10.1637/11442-060316-Reg.