PMID- 27980597
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220331
IS  - 1743-7075 (Print)
IS  - 1743-7075 (Electronic)
IS  - 1743-7075 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2016
TI  - Alpha-mangostin from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp extract 
      reduces high fat-diet induced hepatic steatosis in rats by regulating 
      mitochondria function and apoptosis.
PG  - 88
LID - 88
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by multiple 
      factors including hepatic oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial 
      dysfunction. Obesity is among the risk factors for NAFLD alongside type 2 
      diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. alpha- mangostin (alpha-MG) extracts from the 
      pericarps of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) may regulate high fat 
      diet-induced hepatic steatosis; however the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. 
      The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of alpha-MG on high 
      fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and the underlying mechanisms related to 
      mitochondrial functionality and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Sprague 
      Dawley (SD) rats were fed on either AIM 93-M control diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), 
      or high-fat diet supplemented with 25 mg/day mangosteen pericarp extract (MGE) 
      for 11 weeks. Thereafter, the following were determined: body weight change, 
      plasma free fatty acids, liver triglyceride content, antioxidant enzymes 
      (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione, GSH; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; 
      glutathione reductase GRd; catalase, CAT) and mitochondrial complex enzyme 
      activities. In the in vitro study, primary liver cells were treated with 1 mM 
      free fatty acid (FFA) (palmitate: oleate acid = 2:0.25) to induce steatosis. 
      Thereafter, the effects of alpha-MG (10 muM, 20 muM, 30 muM) on total and mitochondria 
      ROS (tROS, mitoROS), mitochondria bioenergetic functions, and mitochondrial 
      pathway of apoptosis were examined in the FFA-treated primary liver cells. 
      RESULTS: The MGE group showed significantly decreased plasma free fatty acids and 
      hepatic triglycerides (TG) and thiorbarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) 
      levels; increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GPx, GRd, CAT); 
      and enhanced NADH-cytochrome c reductase (NCCR) and succinate-cytochrome c 
      reductase (SCCR) activities in the liver tissue compared with HFD group. In the 
      in vitro study, alpha-MG significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential, 
      enhanced cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR), decreased tROS (total ROS) and 
      mitoROS (mitochondrial ROS) levels ; reduced Ca(2+) and cytochrome c (cyt c) 
      release from mitochondria, and reduced caspases 9 and 3 activities compared with 
      control group. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate alpha-MG attenuated hepatic 
      steatosis in high fat-diet fed rats potentially through enhanced cellular 
      antioxidant capacity and improved mitochondrial functions as well as suppressed 
      apoptosis of hepatocytes. The findings of study represent a novel nutritional 
      approach on the use of alpha-MG in the prevention and management of NAFLD.
FAU - Tsai, Shin-Yu
AU  - Tsai SY
AD  - School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing 
      Street, Taipei, 110 Taiwan.
FAU - Chung, Pei-Chin
AU  - Chung PC
AD  - School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing 
      Street, Taipei, 110 Taiwan.
FAU - Owaga, Eddy E
AU  - Owaga EE
AD  - Institute of Food Bioresources and Technology, Dedan Kimathi University of 
      Technology, P.O. Box 657-10100 Nyeri, Kenya.
FAU - Tsai, I-Jong
AU  - Tsai IJ
AD  - School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing 
      Street, Taipei, 110 Taiwan.
FAU - Wang, Pei-Yuan
AU  - Wang PY
AD  - School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing 
      Street, Taipei, 110 Taiwan.
FAU - Tsai, Jeng-I
AU  - Tsai JI
AD  - Yuan Lyu Technology Corporation, 10F-3, 120 Chung Cheng 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 802 
      Taiwan.
FAU - Yeh, Tien-Shun
AU  - Yeh TS
AD  - Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming 
      University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan.
FAU - Hsieh, Rong-Hong
AU  - Hsieh RH
AD  - School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing 
      Street, Taipei, 110 Taiwan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20161201
PL  - England
TA  - Nutr Metab (Lond)
JT  - Nutrition & metabolism
JID - 101231644
PMC - PMC5134003
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Antioxidant enzymes
OT  - Fat infiltration
OT  - Mitochondria dysfunction
OT  - Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis
OT  - alpha-mangostin
EDAT- 2016/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2016/12/17 06:01
PMCR- 2016/12/01
CRDT- 2016/12/17 06:00
PHST- 2016/07/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/11/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/12/17 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/12/17 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2016/12/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 148 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12986-016-0148-0 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016 Dec 1;13:88. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0148-0. eCollection 
      2016.