PMID- 27999294
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20170330
LR  - 20200225
IS  - 1420-3049 (Electronic)
IS  - 1420-3049 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 12
DP  - 2016 Dec 16
TI  - Phase and Index of Refraction Imaging by Hyperspectral Reflectance Confocal 
      Microscopy.
LID - 10.3390/molecules21121727 [doi]
LID - 1727
AB  - A hyperspectral reflectance confocal microscope (HSCM) was realized by CNR-ISC 
      (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi) a few years 
      ago. The instrument and data have been already presented and discussed. The main 
      activity of this HSCM has been within biology, and reflectance data have shown 
      good matching between spectral signatures and the nature or evolution on many 
      types of cells. Such a relationship has been demonstrated mainly with statistical 
      tools like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or similar concepts, which 
      represent a very common approach for hyperspectral imaging. However, the point is 
      that reflectance data contains much more useful information and, moreover, there 
      is an obvious interest to go from reflectance, bound to the single experiment, to 
      reflectivity, or other physical quantities, related to the sample alone. To 
      accomplish this aim, we can follow well-established analyses and methods used in 
      reflectance spectroscopy. Therefore, we show methods of calculations for index of 
      refraction n, extinction coefficient k and local thicknesses of frequency 
      starting from phase images by fast Kramers-Kronig (KK) algorithms and the Abeles 
      matrix formalism. Details, limitations and problems of the presented calculations 
      as well as alternative procedures are given for an example of HSCM images of red 
      blood cells (RBC).
FAU - Selci, Stefano
AU  - Selci S
AD  - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi-CNR-ISC, Via 
      Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy. Stefano.Selci@isc.cnr.it.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20161216
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Molecules
JT  - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 100964009
SB  - IM
MH  - Algorithms
MH  - Birefringence
MH  - Erythrocytes/ultrastructure
MH  - Humans
MH  - Microscopy, Confocal/*methods
MH  - Spectrophotometry/*methods
PMC - PMC6274177
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - hyperspectral microscopy
OT  - index of refraction
OT  - red blood cells
OT  - scanning confocal microscopy
COIS- The author declares no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in 
      the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; 
      in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2016/12/22 06:00
MHDA- 2017/03/31 06:00
PMCR- 2016/12/16
CRDT- 2016/12/22 06:00
PHST- 2016/10/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2016/12/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2016/12/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2016/12/22 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2016/12/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2017/03/31 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/12/16 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - molecules21121727 [pii]
AID - molecules-21-01727 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/molecules21121727 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Molecules. 2016 Dec 16;21(12):1727. doi: 10.3390/molecules21121727.